Preferences and Attitudes Toward Music in Nonclinical Uses of Psychedelics.
Sara G. Gloeckler, Alexandre Lehmann, Sara de la Salle, Kyle T. Greenway, Philippe Lucas
Psychedelic Medicine December 2, 2024 DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2024.0003 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Cross-sectional survey Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 2,000 |
| Population | Participants in the Canadian Psychedelic Survey who used psychedelic substances in non-clinical settings |
| Topics | Altered states of consciousness |
| Keywords | Psychedelic music Entheogenic music Journey music Sonic guidance Psychedelic experience Entheogenic journey Mind exploration Consciousness expansion Music selection Intentional music use Curated soundscapes Musical guidance Sonic navigation Spiritual exploration Inner journey Self-discovery Mystical insights |
| Citations | 4 |
| Key findings | Most respondents reported therapeutic benefits and enjoyment from integrating music with psychedelic substances, but only a minority agreed that music should be unfamiliar or lyric-free, contrary to clinical recommendations. |
Abstract
Background: The resurgent interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy for conditions like depression, end-of-life anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder is generating highly promising results. Within this therapeutic context, music's role is multifaceted, seen as a critical environmental component and even akin to a hidden therapist. Contemporary clinical protocols often advocate for music that is lyric-free and unfamiliar, yet these guidelines are based on limited empirical evidence.
Methods: Our study, drawing on data from over 2,000 participants in the Canadian Psychedelic Survey (CPS), explores the interplay between music and 11 classical and non-classical psychedelic substances in predominantly non-clinical usage scenarios. This cross-sectional survey included 14 questions delving into patterns of psychedelic use and music preferences in naturalistic environments.
Results: Our findings reveal that a substantial majority of respondents experienced both therapeutic benefits and enjoyment from integrating music with psychedelic substances, although the extent of these benefits varied significantly across different substances.
Discussion: Contrary to clinical recommendations, only 10% and 22%, respectively, of survey respondents agreed that music for psychedelic experiences should be unfamiliar and without understandable lyrics. Furthermore, our data suggest potential unique benefits of psychedelic experiences devoid of music, particularly with the shortest and longest acting substances. These insights indicate that the prevailing guidelines for music selection in psychedelic therapies may benefit from further, nuanced research into substance-specific effect.
Comparable studies
Other cross-sectional and survey studies on altered states of consciousness, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Future directions in meditation research: Recommendations for expanding the field of contemplative science Meditators | 2018 | Cross-sectional online survey | n = 1,120 |
| Altered states of consciousness and hypnosis in the twenty-first century | 2005 | Survey and commentary | |
| Naturalistic use of psychedelics is related to emotional reactivity and self-consciousness: The mediating role of ego-dissolution and mystical experiences Adults with varying histories of psychoactive substance use, including 1661... | 2022 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 2,516 |
| Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey. Recent users of Salvia divinorum | 2011 | Survey | n = 154 |
| Examination of the Phenomenology of the Ibogaine Treatment Experience: Role of Altered States of Consciousness and Psychedelic Experiences. Individuals who used ibogaine in the past | 2017 | Retrospective survey | n = 27 |
Citations in the library
Cited by 3
- Music and non-music approaches in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: The sound of silence Journal of Psychedelic Studies May 15, 2025
- Quantitative and qualitative influences of spiritual connection and natural imagery on perception of art in clinical psychedelic dosing settings. Scientific Reports July 21, 2025
- Optimizing music for psychedelic-assisted therapy: Examining contemporary practices, traditional entheogenic rituals, and musically-induced peak experiences Journal of Psychedelic Studies June 2, 2026
Cites 20
- Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology February 15, 2018
- Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: Validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory. Journal of Psychopharmacology July 11, 2019
- The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy Psychopharmacology February 1, 2018
- Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective Experience During Psychedelic Group Sessions Predicts Enduring Changes in Psychological Wellbeing and Social Connectedness. Frontiers in Pharmacology March 25, 2021
- The Use of Music in Psychedelic (LSD) Psychotherapy Journal of Music Therapy June 1, 1972
and 15 more in the library