Mindful meditation for epidural catheter placement during labor: a single-center randomized controlled trial.
Mario I Lumbreras-Marquez, Asimina Lazaridou, Diego Villela-Franyutti, Kara G Fields, Michaela K Farber, Ehren R Nelson, Kristin L Schreiber, Dominique Y Arce
Pain Medicine January 1, 2026 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaf075 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Randomized controlled trial Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 100 |
| Population | Pregnant women undergoing labor epidural placement |
| Interventions | Mindful meditation Neutral content recording |
| Duration | 10-minute session before the epidural procedure |
| Topics | Anxiety Meditation |
| Keywords | Epidural catheter Labor analgesia Mindful meditation Pain catastrophizing Pregnancy |
| Registration | NCT04687085 |
| Key findings | Mindful meditation before labor epidural placement had no overall main effect on anxiety, pain, or procedural satisfaction compared with a neutral recording. Exploratory post hoc analysis suggested participants with higher baseline pain catastrophizing experienced greater benefits from mindful meditation on anxiety (b = -0.18) and pain (b = -0.14). |
Abstract
Labor epidural placement can cause significant procedural anxiety for patients. Behavioral interventions, such as mindful meditation, can effectively reduce anxiety, including during pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 10-minute mindful meditation session on anxiety and pain during labor epidural placement. Pregnant women were recruited and randomized into 2 groups: A 10-minute guided mindful meditation, or a neutral content recording, both delivered via headphones before the epidural procedure as a recording. After the procedure, participants reported their levels of anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the main effects of the intervention on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. Additionally, an exploratory post hoc moderation analysis assessed the role of baseline pain catastrophizing and its interaction with the intervention. A total of 100 participants were included (50 per group). There were no overall main effect of mindful meditation on primary outcomes of anxiety and pain, or secondary outcome of procedural satisfaction, compared to the neutral content recording (P's > .05). Exploratory post hoc analysis indicated a moderation of treatment effect, such that participants with higher baseline pain catastrophizing experienced greater benefits from mindful meditation compared to neutral content on anxiety (b = -0.18, P = .01) and pain (b = -0.14, P = .03). While no overall group-level effects of mindful meditation were found, exploratory analysis suggested that the intervention may be more beneficial for participants with high baseline pain catastrophizing. Future studies enrolling a larger sample, or enriching for patients with these characteristics are needed to confirm these results. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04687085 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04687085).
Comparable studies
Other randomized controlled trials on meditation, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation Healthy employees in a work environment | 2003 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 41 |
| Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2000 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 145 |
| Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Working adults | 2008 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 139 |
| Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation Undergraduate Chinese students | 2007 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 40 |
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Replication and Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2004 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 73 |
Citations in the library
Cites 5
- The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003
- Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Emotion Processing Frontiers in Neuroscience October 10, 2019
- Meditation and Mindfulness in Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Review of the Evidence. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology June 23, 2021
- Mindfulness-Based Interventions During Pregnancy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Mindfulness December 1, 2017
- Randomised controlled pilot trial of mindfulness training for stress reduction during pregnancy. Psychology and Health November 1, 2013