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A link between consciousness and the wetware of metabolism

Nick Lane

Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2026 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x25103658 (opens in new tab)

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AI-extracted from the abstract
Characteristics Theoretical or philosophical paper Peer reviewed
Key points Proposes that consciousness is substrate dependent and grounded in living metabolism, arguing that in single-celled organisms fluctuations in membrane potential give an integrated real-time readout of metabolic state relative to the environment, constituting the simplest meaningful 'feeling'.

Abstract

Abstract Seth provides a nuanced but compelling case for consciousness being substrate dependent: a product of living processes rather than computation. Here, I offer a biological underpinning for these arguments grounded in the wetware of metabolism in single-celled organisms. Fluctuations in membrane potential give an integrated real-time readout of metabolic state in relation to the environment – the simplest meaningful ‘feeling’.

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