Application of the Concept of Saṅkhāra (Mental Formation) in Theravāda Buddhist Psychology for Reducing Human Mental Suffering in Modern Life

Abstract

This paper critically evaluates the concept of saṅkhāra within early Theravāda Buddhist knowledge, addressing gaps in prior studies by Bandusena Wickranmasinghe Dadanayaka and Venerable Nodhiñana, who primarily emphasize the doctrinal and causal aspects of saṅkhāra without substantial engagement with its psychological implications. This research focuses on saṅkhāra’s role as “mental formations” integral to the cycle of dependent origination, particularly its connections with processes of becoming and rebirth and its profound impact on meditation practices. From a Theravāda Buddhist psychological perspective, the study explores how the concept of saṅkhāra contributes to liberating from human suffering, associating with the noble truth of suffering, and examines its practical applications in alleviating mental suffering. This includes a detailed analysis of saṅkhāra’s classifications, manifestations, and influence on the mind-body nexus. This comprehensive exploration not only deepens the understanding of saṅkhāra’s complexities but also highlights its relevance and applicability in contemporary efforts to mitigate human suffering, aiming to support individuals aspiring to achieve liberation from suffering and the state of an Arahant in the framework of Theravāda Buddhist Psychology.