Sāṅkhya Philosophy as a Framework for Mental Well-being: A Conceptual Study

Abstract

Sāṅkhya philosophy, one of the oldest systems of Indian thought, offers a profound metaphysical framework that distinguishes between Puruṣa (pure consciousness) and Prakṛti (material nature). This conceptual study explores the relevance of Sāṅkhya philosophy as a framework for understanding and promoting mental well-being. By analyzing key doctrines such as the three guṇas (sattva, rajas, tamas), the evolution of the mind (antaḥkaraṇa), and the role of ignorance (avidyā) in human suffering, the paper highlights how psychological disturbances can be interpreted through Sāṅkhya’s dualistic ontology. The study argues that mental imbalance arises from the misidentification of the self (Puruṣa) with the modifications of Prakṛti, leading to attachment, anxiety, and distress. Through cultivating discriminative knowledge (viveka-jñāna), individuals can achieve detachment and inner equilibrium. The framework also provides insights into personality dynamics through the interplay of guṇas, offering a model for understanding emotional regulation and cognitive clarity. By engaging with classical Sāṅkhya texts and comparing its concepts with modern psychological perspectives, this paper demonstrates the continued relevance of Sāṅkhya in contemporary discussions on mental health. It concludes that Sāṅkhya philosophy not only serves as a theoretical model but also offers practical pathways toward psychological resilience and holistic well-being.