Ketamine Analog Methoxetamine Induced Inflammation and Dysfunction of Bladder in Rats
Qiang Wang, Qinghui Wu, Junpeng Wang, Yang Chen, Guihao Zhang, Jiawei Chen, Jie Zhao, Peng Wu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences January 18, 2017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010117 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Animal study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | Female Sprague-Dawley rats and human urothelial cells |
| Interventions | Methoxetamine Ketamine |
| Dose | 30 mg/kg |
| Duration | 4 or 12 weeks |
| Topics | Esketamine Ketamine |
| Key points | Long-term methoxetamine treatment induces bladder dysfunction and inflammation in rats, similar to ketamine-induced cystitis. |
Abstract
The novel synthetic psychoactive ketamine analog methoxetamine is reportedly being used for recreational purposes. As ketamine use can result in urinary dysfunction, we conducted the present study to investigate how methoxetamine affects the bladder. A cystometry investigation showed that female Sprague-Dawley rats experienced increased micturition frequency bladder dysfunction after receiving a daily intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg methoxetamine or ketamine for periods of 4 or 12 weeks. Histologic examinations of rat bladder tissue revealed damaged urothelium barriers, as well as evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration and matrix deposition. The drug-treated rats showed significantly upregulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, CCL-2, CXCL-1, CXCL-10, NGF, and COX-2. In addition, interstitial fibrosis was confirmed by increased levels of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin and TGF-β. Besides direct toxic effect on human urothelial cells, methoxetaminealso induced the upregulation related cytokines. Our results indicate that long term methoxetamine treatment can induce bladder dysfunction and inflammation in rats. Methoxetamine was confirmed to produce direct toxic and pro-inflammatory effects on human urothelial cells. Methoxetamine-associated bladder impairment may be similar to ketamine-induced cystitis.
Comparable studies
Other preclinical and animal studies on ketamine, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| mTOR-Dependent Synapse Formation Underlies the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of NMDA Antagonists Rats | 2010 | Observational study | |
| Activation of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission by Ketamine: A Novel Step in the Pathway from NMDA Receptor Blockade to Dopaminergic and Cognitive Disruptions Associated with the Prefrontal Cortex Conscious rats | 1997 | Dose-response study with microdialysis and behavioral testing | |
| NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites Mice | 2016 | Preclinical study | |
| The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N‐methyl‐aspartate Spinal neurons in decerebrate or pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats and rats | 1983 | Experimental study | |
| R-ketamine: a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant without psychotomimetic side effects Mice | 2015 | Experimental study |
Citations in the library
Cited by 5
- Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects Archives of Toxicology April 1, 2020
- New insights into methoxetamine mechanisms of action: Focus on serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects in the rat. Experimental Neurology November 1, 2021
- Methoxetamine: A foe or friend? Neurochemistry International 2019
- Cluster of acute poisonings associated with an emerging ketamine analogue, 2-oxo-PCE. Forensic Science International September 1, 2018
- 1,2-Diarylethylamine- and Ketamine-Based New Psychoactive Substances. Handbook of experimental pharmacology 2018
Cites 7
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