Spiritual Rebirth in Three 19th-Century European Classics Compared to Transpersonal Experiences in Zeno’s Conscience: A Psychosynthetic Analysis of Zeno’s Conscience

Abstract

In the first article of the two interconnected articles, titled "Out-of-time experiences in four iconic 20th-century European modernist novels including Zeno's Conscience" (Tóth-Izsó, 2023b) the examination of Kairos experiences transpired through the lens of a psychosynthetic framework. In this second article the most important transpersonal experiences of the characters of Brothers Karamazov, Les Miserables, and A Christmas Carol are briefly presented and interpreted from a psychosynthetic view, by using appropriate quotes. The spiritual experiences presented in this paper clearly show religious aspects and thus can be interpreted as mystical experiences that constitute a broad category of the more inclusive transpersonal experiences. These two share similar characteristics to a certain extent, but also differ in many aspects as we will see in the comparison presented. In the Conclusion, transpersonal experiences of Zeno—identified in the first article— are compared with similar experiences of the characters of the three selected classics. This comparison revealed, that while in the case of Zeno —the only sporadic—transpersonal events were hidden deeply in the text and had no lasting effect on the life of Zeno, in the cases of the three analysed classics these events were markedly conspicuous and had radical life-changing effects on the concerned characters' life.