Could Brain-Computer Interfaces Advance Our Understanding of the Nature of Consciousness?

Abstract

Recent developments in theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches have improved our understanding of the problems that need to be solved for us to advance in the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness. Yet, there is a long way ahead as evident from the recent Cogitate adversarial collaboration that attempted to directly contrast Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT) and concluded that both theories received only partial support. Here we propose that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), whose effectiveness for consciousness research remains underappreciated, could become a valuable methodological tool for moving beyond this impasse. Indeed, BCIs combine recording and stimulation methods and enable monitoring and influencing both conscious and unconscious brain mechanisms. As such, they offer an integrated approach for testing theories of consciousness (e.g. IIT versus GNWT) and even tackling philosophical conundrums, such as the hard problem of consciousness. Clinically, BCIs are already aiding patients with disorders of consciousness. Overall, BCIs hold the potential to bridge empirical investigation and intervention, making them a valuable tool in addressing the open questions regarding the nature of consciousness.