Steroids, Dissociatives, Club Drugs, Inhalants, and Hallucinogens
Mashal Khan, Anil A. Thomas
Absolute Addiction Psychiatry Review 2020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33404-8_13 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Topics | Ketamine Mescaline Psilocybin |
| Keywords | Anabolic-androgenic steroids aas Inhalants Volatile hydrocarbons Nitrites Nitrous oxide Hallucinogen Dimethyltryptamine DMT Dissociatives Phencyclidine pcp Dextromethorphan dxm 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine MDMA Gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb |
| Citations | 3 |
| Key findings | Anabolic-androgenic steroids, inhalants, hallucinogens, dissociative anesthetics, and club drugs each have unique characteristics and associated risks that require specific knowledge for effective patient management. |
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids, inhalants, hallucinogens, dissociative anesthetics and “club drugs” are a heterogeneous group of substances that have considerable potential for misuse and associated morbidity and/or mortality. Steroid use often goes undetected, even by addiction psychiatrists, though significant medical and psychiatric consequences often arise from chronic use. Inhalants, which are commonly found in household products and used by adolescents, quickly reach high concentrations in the brain through crossing the blood–brain barrier as well as alveolar membranes, leading to rapid “high.” Hallucinogens represent a diverse group of compounds that alter sensory perceptions often by modulating serotonin. Dissociatives cause a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness and memory by their antagonism of NMDA receptors and include substances like PCP, dextromethorphan, and ketamine. MDMA, commonly known as “ecstasy,” is a common club drug that modulates monoamines in neuronal synapses. GHB is another “club drug” that has both medical and recreational use, though has a serious, alcohol-like withdrawal syndrome. In order to appreciate the unique characteristics of these substances and provide effective management for patients using them, an understanding of the history of these compounds, their epidemiology and prevalence, their associated comorbidities, the various forms of these substances, their general pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, their patterns of use and misuse, their pathogenesis, their presenting signs and symptoms, and the adverse medical effects associated with them are presented.
Comparable studies
Other narrative reviews on mescaline, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study of a New Schizophrenomimetic Drug—Sernyl | 1959 | Review | |
| Hallucinogens and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways | 2017 | Review | |
| Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine | 2020 | Review | |
| Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances | 2015 | Review | |
| Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine | 2017 | Review |
Citations in the library
Cites 21
- Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences September 3, 2002
- Ketamine Pharmacology: An Update (Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Aspects, Recent Findings) CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics April 10, 2013
- Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens Journal of Psychoactive Drugs October 1, 1986
- The pharmacology of psilocybin Addiction Biology October 1, 2002
- The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics November 11, 2008
and 16 more in the library