Phenomenology and Neurophysiology of Out-of-Body Experiences: Mechanisms, Characteristics, and Empirical Evidence.

Abstract

Out-of-body experiences (OBEs) are phenomena in which a person perceives their consciousness as separate from their physical body. Although these experiences have been reported for centuries in spiritual traditions, they are attracting increasing interest in the fields of neuroscience, psychology and anthropology. This study aims to take stock of the issue through a literature review by presenting the main scientific research and the different explanatory approaches to OBEs. These generally occur in altered states of consciousness, such as sleep, meditation, hypnosis or after taking psychotropic substances. They are also associated with lucid dreams, sleep paralysis and situations of intense stress. Testimonies often describe sensations of floating, panoramic vision, perception of an altered body or the impression of moving freely in space. Despite scientific advances, OBEs represent a phenomenon that remains difficult to study rigorously. There is still no consensus on their exact origin, and studies in neuroscience, psychology and phenomenology are struggling to unify their results. In the discussion we focus on the development of a more precise classification grid and suggest that the development of more advanced investigation methodologies could shed new light on these fascinating experiences.