Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities
Daniel Rosenbaum, Cory R. Weissman, Thomas Anderson, Rotem Petranker, Lê-Anh Dinh-Williams, Katrina Hui, Emma Hapke
Journal of Psychopharmacology February 28, 2020 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120908004 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Cross-sectional survey Randomized Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 909 |
| Population | Adults recruited primarily from the online forum Reddit |
| Topics | Anxiety Psilocybin Microdosing |
| Keywords | Hallucinogen Demographics Population |
| Citations | 75 |
| Key findings | Microdosers were significantly less likely to report a history of substance use disorders (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.05–0.56) or anxiety disorders (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41–0.91) but more likely to report recent recreational substance use (OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.7–10.8) compared with non-microdosers. |
Abstract
Rationale: Microdosing psychedelics – the practice of consuming small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of substances such as LSD or psilocybin – is gaining attention in popular media but remains poorly characterized. Contemporary studies of psychedelic microdosing have yet to report the basic psychiatric descriptors of psychedelic microdosers.
Objectives: To examine the practices and demographics of a population of psychedelic microdosers – including their psychiatric diagnoses, prescription medications, and recreational substance use patterns – to develop a foundation on which to conduct future clinical research.
Methods: Participants ( n = 909; M age = 26.9, SD = 8.6; male = 83.2%; White/European = 79.1%) recruited primarily from the online forum Reddit completed an anonymous online survey. Respondents who reported using LSD, psilocybin, or both for microdosing were grouped and compared with non-microdosing respondents using exploratory odds ratio testing on demographic variables, rates of psychiatric diagnoses, and past-year recreational substance use.
Results: Of microdosers, most reported using LSD (59.3%; M dose = 13 mcg, or 11.3% of one tab) or psilocybin (25.9%; M dose = 0.3 g of dried psilocybin mushrooms) on a one-day-on, two-days-off schedule. Compared with non-microdosers, microdosers were significantly less likely to report a history of substance use disorders (SUDs; OR = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05–0.56)) or anxiety disorders (OR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.41–0.91)). Microdosers were also more likely to report recent recreational substance use compared with non-microdosers (OR = 5.2 (95% CI: 2.7–10.8)).
Conclusions: Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of this practice in clinical populations and to test claims about potential benefits.
In the evidence
This study is part of the evidence base for a synthesis in the library. Here is how each one recorded it.
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Microdosers were less likely to report histories of substance use or anxiety disorders but more likely to report recent recreational substance use than non-microdosers.
Synthesized
Comparable studies
Other cross-sectional and survey studies on psilocybin and microdosing, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motives and Side-Effects of Microdosing With Psychedelics Among Users Psychedelic users with microdosing experience | 2019 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 1,116 |
| Microdosing psychedelics: Motivations, subjective effects and harm reduction People aged 16 years or older who had used psychedelics and could comprehend written... | 2019 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 525 |
| Microdosing psychedelics: Subjective benefits and challenges, substance testing behavior, and the relevance of intention People who reported microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin in the past 12... | 2020 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 6,753 |
| Prevalence and Reasons for Microdosing Cannabis, Psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA Among U.S. Adults U.S. adults | 2026 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 1,523 |
| Psilocybin microdosing in the United States: Insights from a nationally representative survey US adults | 2026 | Survey study |
Citations in the library
Cited by 56
- Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms Pharmacological Reviews December 16, 2020
- Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing Scientific Reports January 21, 2021
- The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955–2021) and recommendations for the field Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews May 21, 2022
- Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy Irish Journal of Medical Science June 15, 2021
- Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers Scientific Reports November 18, 2021
and 51 more in the library
Cites 29
- Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial Journal of Psychopharmacology November 30, 2016
- Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial Journal of Psychopharmacology November 30, 2016
- Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. The Lancet Psychiatry May 17, 2016
- Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer Archives of General Psychiatry September 7, 2010
- Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study Journal of Psychopharmacology January 13, 2015
and 24 more in the library