Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
February 1, 2024
Bernd Huppertz, Silke Möller-Friedrich, Klaus Baum
10 citations
Analysis of drug abuse is frequently performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with an MS/MS detector and electrospray ionization. In this context, matrix effects, like signal reduction by ion suppression of individual analytes, play an important role. In this study, the authors evaluated the matrix effect caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with chain lengths ranging from 6 to 12...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
April 1, 2020
Funda Inan, Tibor M Brunt, Ramon R Contrucci et al.
9 citations
The novel phenethylamines 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) fall in the top 10 most used new psychoactive substances (NPSs) among high-risk substance users. Various phenethylamines and NPS are also highly used in populations with mental disorders, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, NPS use is highly prevalent among...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
May 20, 2015
Dīlek Battal, Allan J. Barnes, Marisol S. Castaneto et al.
6 citations
Mescaline, the primary psychoactive chemical in peyote cactus, has been consumed for thousands of years in ancient religious ceremonies. The US military wanted to determine if mescaline intake was a problem for personnel readiness. Twenty thousand seventeen urine specimens negative for cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines were tested for mescaline with the Randox Drugs of Abuse V...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
January 9, 2014
Rafael G. Dos Santos
5 citations
Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, Halsteren, The Netherlands The author declares no conflict of interest.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
July 12, 2013
Katarzyna Stebelska
73 citations
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
October 1, 2011
Allan J. Barnes, Karl B. Scheidweiler, Erin A. Kolbrich-Spargo et al.
22 citations
Oral fluid monitoring efficiently detects single, recreational 70-150 mg of MDMA use for 1-2 days. These controlled administration data provide a scientific basis for interpreting MDMA oral fluid test results.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
June 1, 2009
Melanie Mueller, Erin A Kolbrich, Frank T. Peters et al.
The present study compared the disposition and metabolism of the recreational drug (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) in squirrel monkeys and humans because the squirrel monkey has been extensively studied for MDMA neurotoxicity. A newly developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric procedure for simultaneous measurement of MDMA, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine,...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
May 21, 2008
Erin A Kolbrich, Robert S. Goodwin, David A. Gorelick et al.
127 citations
This study examines the plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) in young adults for up to 143 hours after drug administration. Seventeen female and male participants (black, white, and Hispanic) received placebo, low (1.0 mg/kg),...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
February 1, 2007
Sergio Abanades, Magı́ Farré, Mireia Segura et al.
66 citations
Little controlled drug administration data are available to aid in the interpretation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) distribution in conventional and nonconventional fluids and the potential correlation between the pharmacokinetics of GHB and drug effects. Single oral sodium GHB doses of 50 mg/kg were administered to five volunteers. Plasma, oral fluid, urine, and sweat were analyzed for...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
July 22, 2005
Oscar García-algar, Nuria L Pez, M. Á. Bonet et al.
39 citations
Accidental ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) was detected in an infant admitted at the Pediatric Emergency Department by drug testing in urine. Concentrations of MDMA and its principal metabolite 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) in the infant's hydrolyzed urine were 11.7 mg/L and 34.4 mg/L, respectively. Apparent febrile convulsions and cardiovascular side...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
March 19, 2004
Rafael de la Torre, Magı́ Farré, Pere N. Roset et al.
445 citations
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) is a widely misused psychostimulant drug abused among large segments of the young population. Pharmacologically it displays effects related to amphetamine-type drugs and a set of distinctive effects (closeness to others, facilitation to interpersonal relationship, and empathy) that have been named by some authors "entactogen" properties. MDMA is...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
March 19, 2004
Hans H Maurer, Thomas Kræmer, Dietmar Springer et al.
147 citations
Designer drugs of the amphetamine type (eg, MDMA, MDEA, MDA), of the new benzyl or phenyl piperazine type (eg, BZP, MDBP, mCPP, TFMPP, MeOPP), or of the pyrrolidinophenone type (eg, PPP, MOPPP, MDPPP, MPPP, MPHP) have gained popularity and notoriety as rave drugs. These drugs produce feelings of euphoria and energy and a desire to socialize. Although in the corresponding drug scene designer...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
March 19, 2004
Terrence J. Monks, Douglas C. Jones, Fengju Bai et al.
123 citations
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. The recreational use of these amphetamines, especially MDMA, is prevalent despite warnings of irreversible damage to the central nervous system. MDA and MDMA are primarily serotonergic neurotoxicants. Because (1)...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
April 1, 2002
Thomas Kræmer, Hans H Maurer
232 citations
This paper reviews the toxicokinetics of amphetamines. The designer drugs MDA (methylenedioxy-amphetamine, R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)2-propanamine), MDMA (R,S-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and MDE (R,S-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine), as well as BDB (benzodioxolylbutanamine; R,S-1-(1;,3;-benzodioxol-5;-yl)-2-butanamine or R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine) and MBDB...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
April 1, 2002
Manfred R. Moeller, Thomas Kræmer
98 citations
Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In forensic toxicology, the increasing number of samples for determination of drugs in blood is mainly due to zero-tolerance laws in several countries and well-trained police officers who can better recognize drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse....
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
August 1, 2001
Karl Bodin, Jan‐olof Svensson
11 citations
A rapid, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method has been developed for routine determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine. It includes sample purification by extraction into an organic solvent and back-extraction to an acetate buffer, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and detection with a single quadrupole...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
August 1, 1996
Hans H Maurer
111 citations
Designer drugs of the methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine type are increasingly abused. Studies on their metabolism in humans are necessary to develop a reliable gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening procedure. Such a method must allow their detection in urine for drug testing in clinical and forensic toxicology. Studies on racemic methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA),...