Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2026
Yuta Takahashi, Katsuhiro Okuda, Kazuo Matsubara et al.
Diphenidine (DPD) is a dissociative novel psychoactive substance (NPS) structurally related to phencyclidine and ketamine. Although DPD is legally regulated in Japan and several other countries, analogues sharing the core scaffold are not comprehensively regulated. Therefore, it is possible that analogues with minor scaffold modifications may continue to emerge. This study examined the effects...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2026
Jay R Vargas, Laura L Hernandez, Leo H Lai et al.
PURPOSE: Freshwater planarians provide a rapid and scalable biological model for detecting drug-induced neurobehavioral effects. This study evaluated whether automated behavioral profiling in Dugesia dorotocephala could distinguish phytocannabinoid and synthetic cannabinoid exposure based on organism-level motor responses. METHODS: Planarians were acutely exposed to Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol...
Forensic Toxicology
2026
Meejung Park, Sungmin Moon, Nahyun Lee et al.
The abuse of 2-fluoro-2-oxo-phenylcyclohexylethylamine (2F-2-oxo-PCE), a dissociative anesthetic structurally related to phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, has recently increased in South Korea. This study presented the first forensic toxicological detection of 2F-2-oxo-PCE in autopsy cases and described a validated method for the simultaneous quantification of 2F-2-oxo-PCE,...
Forensic Toxicology
July 29, 2025
Yuki Azuma, Misa Tanaka, Akiko Asada et al.
1 citation
A new lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analog has recently been identified, 1-[3-(Trimethylsilyl)propanoyl] LSD (1S-LSD), characterized by a silicon-containing acyl moiety. In the proof of LSD analog consumption, direct detection of the parent compound in urine or blood can be challenging; therefore, characteristic metabolites as consumption markers should be detected. However, the metabolic...
Forensic Toxicology
April 24, 2025
Letícia Birk, Bruno Pereira Dos Santos, Daniela Souza Ossanes et al.
2 citations
Toxicological analyses of postmortem blood samples are essential to elucidate forensic cases involving toxic agents, such as illicit drugs. A simple method for determining stimulant substances in postmortem blood samples through protein precipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and applied in nearly 1000 samples from Brazilian forensic cases. For...
Forensic Toxicology
April 3, 2025
Rie Tanaka, Maiko Kawamura, Michiho Ito et al.
3 citations
Recently, numerous lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs have emerged as designer drugs globally. These compounds are mainly distributed as sheet products. In this study, two new LSD analogs were identified from sheet products. The structures of the compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry, liquid...
Forensic Toxicology
2025
Bogumiła Byrska, Roman Stanaszek
3 citations
The most commonly associated substance found in Ecstasy tablets is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In our study, we showed how the composition of psychoactive ingredients in Ecstasy tablets seized on the drug market in Poland has changed in the years 2005-2020. The study material consisted of nearly 20,000 single Ecstasy tablets seized by representatives of law enforcement (the...
Forensic Toxicology
2024
Yuki Okada, Kazuki Ueno, Noriko Nishiwaki et al.
8 citations
Since the mid-2010s, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs made for substance abuse have periodically emerged. In this case, three pieces of blotter paper labeled "1D-LSD" and presumably impregnated with this LSD analog, were seized. Several websites indicate that 1D-LSD is 1-(1,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1-carbonyl)-LSD. Because this analog is much more difficult to synthesize than previously...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2023
Rie Tanaka, Maiko Kawamura, Sakumi Mizutani et al.
18 citations
Many analogs of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have recently appeared as designer drugs around the world. These compounds are mainly distributed as sheet products. In this study, we identified three more newly distributed LSD analogs from paper sheet products. The structures of the compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2022
Benedicte Lelievre, Vincent Dupont, Celine Buchaillet et al.
Death related to the use of drugs is evident when drugs are detected in biological matrices within toxic levels, but sometimes it can be less obvious. Intoxications after 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC) use are occurring but up to date, only one fatality has been reported. Here we present the case of a young woman admitted to hospital as she presented vomiting, convulsions and...
Forensic Toxicology
February 2, 2021
Liying Zhou, Ping Xiang, Di Wen et al.
13 citations
Abstract Purpose In this study, we developed a very sensitive method for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples of magic mushroom consumers. Methods The analyses were performed with pretreatments of samples, followed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (LC) connected to a Q-Trap type tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For LC, mobile phase (A) consisted of 0.1%...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2020
Katarzyna Kamińska, Paweł Świt, Kamilla Malek
Abstract Purpose N-Methoxybenzyls, a group of toxic phenylethylamine derivatives of the 2C family compounds, are a new class of potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens with potential harmful effects. This study summarizes current state of knowledge of one of the most dangerous representative of this group—N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine (25C-NBOMe). Due...
Forensic Toxicology
December 2, 2019
Yuri Machado, José Coelho Neto, R. A. Lordeiro et al.
Purpose The recreational drug market remains dynamic. After the introduction of 25I-NBOH, an N -benzylphenethylamine and new psychoactive substance, as option for LSD and NBOMe drugs, new NBOH substances have been identified in recent years. Herein, we report our efforts for the identification and structural elucidation of three new NBOHs detected in seized blotter papers: 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH,...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2017
Genri Kawahara, Hideyuki Maeda, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri et al.
17 citations
N -Benzyl-substituted 2C class phenethylamines (NBOMes) are psychoactive designer drugs, with strong hallucinogenic and stimulant effects, even at low doses. The designer drug, 2-(4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N -(2-methoxybenzyl) ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) is considered to be one of the most potent agonists of the serotonin-2A (5-HT_2A) receptor. Recently, we reported the first lethal case of...
Forensic Toxicology
July 1, 2017
José Coelho Neto, Ana Flávia B. Andrade, Rogério Araújo Lordeiro et al.
25I-NBOH is a novel psychoactive substance (NPS) recently reported to have been found on blotter paper samples seized on the streets of Brazil, and used as a replacement for the NBOMes now scheduled in many countries. The presence of this NPS on the street market may go undetected, because the most widely and routinely utilised analytical technique for drug sample analyses is gas...
Forensic Toxicology
2017
Luciano Chaves Arantes, Ettore Ferrari Júnior, Luciano Figueiredo De Souza et al.
50 citations
A new potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist was identified in blotter papers by several state level forensic laboratories in Brazil. The 25I-NBOH is a labile molecule, which fragments into 2C-I when analyzed by routine seized material screening gas chromatography (GC) methods. GC-mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-MS, and Fourier transform infrared and...
Forensic Toxicology
2017
Genri Kawahara, Hideyuki Maeda, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri et al.
correction
N-Benzyl-substituted 2C class phenethylamines (NBOMes) are psychoactive designer drugs, with strong hallucinogenic and stimulant effects, even at low doses. The designer drug, 2-(4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2methoxybenzyl) ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) is considered to be one of the most potent agonists of the serotonin-2A (5HT2A) receptor. Recently, we reported the first lethal case of 25B-NBOMe...