Seminars in neurology
December 1, 2024
Ewa D Bieber, Heidi A B Smith, D Catherine Fuchs et al.
4 citations
Delirium in children can significantly impact their mental status, which encompasses consciousness, emotion, and cognition. Effective recognition of this serious neurocognitive disorder is enhanced by monitoring 50% of predisposing risks and using validated screening tools regularly. Clinicians must approach pediatric assessments with an understanding of cognitive and psychosocial development, ensuring alterations are clearly described. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, preventing factors that could worsen the condition, and ensuring patient safety to mitigate the effects of delirium.
Seminars in neurology
August 1, 2024
Reece M Hass, Derek Stitt
2 citations
This article reviews the history, pharmacodynamics, and neurotoxicity of psychostimulants and hallucinogens. Psychostimulants such as cocaine, methamphetamine/amphetamines, and cathinones produce a euphoric high and are associated with seizures, strokes, rhabdomyolysis, and movement disorders. Hallucinogens cause hallucinations, altered perception, and cognitive dysfunction, which can be unpredictable and dysphoric, leading to anxiety and panic. Recognizing these neurotoxicities and managing them appropriately is critical. Many of these drugs are not detectable by standard laboratory tests, complicating diagnosis.
Seminars in neurology
April 1, 2022
Kristen M. Kraemer, Felipe A Jain, Darshan H Mehta et al.
Meditative and mindfulness-focused interventions may improve neuropsychiatric symptoms common in neurological disorders such as headache, movement disorders, and chronic pain. The article defines meditation and mindfulness, outlines their neurobiological mechanisms, and reviews evidence supporting various interventions for these conditions. Overall, the interventions warrant further investigation among individuals with neurological conditions. When recommending them, health care professionals should consider structural factors like insurance reimbursement and patient factors such as ability to tolerate a group setting.
Seminars in neurology
June 1, 1997
V G Hardcastle
The brain processes information along specialized tracts separated across the cortex, yet visual experiences are of unified objects. How perceptions become united into wholes despite distributed features is the problem of perceptual binding. This article reviews neurophysiological research connecting perceptual awareness with 40 Hz neural oscillatory firing patterns, examining three experimental approaches: single-cell and local field potential recordings in visual areas 17 and 18 showing synchronous firing between noncontiguous cells with similar receptive fields; MEG measurements of rapid thalamic bursting suggesting the ILN might drive cortical oscillations; and EEG recordings over sensory areas indicating higher-level neural coordination. As of this writing, a connection between any 40 Hz oscillatory patterns and perceptual binding or consciousness is tenuous at best.