Immersive virtual reality (VR) and neurofeedback (NF) are increasingly promoted to enhance mindfulness meditation, yet it remains unknown whether these externally engaging technologies confer lasting benefits for trait mindfulness over sustained practice. This longitudinal randomized controlled trial compared three conditions over a 4-week program (eight sessions) with a three-month follow-up:...
Breathing meditation (BM), particularly when delivered via virtual reality (VR), has shown promise in reducing anxiety and stress and enhancing mindfulness. Recent evidence suggests that embedding rhythmic elements, such as temporally structured inhalation, exhalation, and breath-holding, may further regulate BM’s effectiveness. However, the specific role of rhythm in VR-based breathing...