Psychiatric disorders are complex conditions involving multifactorial, nonlinear causal dynamics, which make effective treatment challenging. To address this complexity, a framework is proposed that distinguishes between types of causality: permissive causality, which pertains to factors affecting the likelihood of an outcome occurring, and instructive causality, which refers to factors shaping...
Psychedelic drugs are making waves as modern trials support their therapeutic potential and various media continue to pique public interest. In this opinion piece, we draw attention to a long-recognised component of the psychedelic treatment model, namely ‘set’ and ‘setting’ – subsumed here under the umbrella term ‘context’. We highlight: (a) the pharmacological mechanisms of classic...