Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) disrupt the brain monoaminergic system and strongly stimulate motivation, movement, and addiction. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) plays a vital role in monoaminergic neurotransmission by sequestering monoamines in presynaptic vesicles. How ATS binds to and regulates VMAT2 remains elusive. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of human VMAT2 in...
Objective: Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) has been reported to modulate neural activity and accelerate the recovery of consciousness in the propofol-anesthetized mice. Both the thalamus and frontal cortex play critical roles in anesthetic-induced transition of consciousness. Approach: Twenty-one male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the Sham group (n=7), the TUS1 group (n=7)...