NPP Digit Psychiatry Neurosci
August 20, 2025
Albert Garcia‐romeu
2 citations
The term 'hallucinogen' is a misleading label for drugs like ketamine, MDMA, and psilocybin, which rarely cause true hallucinations (false perceptions believed to be real). Instead, they produce perceptual alterations such as pseudo-hallucinations, synaesthesia, and illusions, along with changes in thinking, emotions, sense of time, self, and bodily awareness. These subjective effects—not hallucinations—are more often linked to therapeutic benefits. Historically, terms like psychotomimetics, phantastica, and psychedelics have been used, reflecting the complex mind-altering effects of these substances.
The International journal on drug policy
July 1, 2026
Alex K. Gearin, I Glenn Cohen, Albert Garcia‐romeu
1 citation
The revival of psychedelic medicalization is often presented as a story of scientific legitimacy and neurotherapeutic promise, but the sensitivity of psychedelics to environmental conditions has encouraged research on music, therapy, setting, and other contextual factors. This article examines how regulation actively shapes atmospheres of consumption for substances that alter affective and sensory perception. Debates over drug-centric versus therapy-centered models are situated within the broader issue of how law shapes contexts and settings of psychedelic consumption.
Psychiatry Research
February 13, 2026
Sean P. Goldy, Nathan D. Sepeda, Samantha Hilbert et al.
1 citation
The acute subjective effects of psychedelics are known to predict therapeutic benefits like reduced depression and anxiety. Session facilitators—who support participants before, during, and after dosing—are a key part of the setting, but their influence on subjective effects was unclear. Analyzing data from 9 psilocybin studies with 298 participants, 670 sessions, and 60 facilitators, multilevel models showed facilitators accounted for negligible variance (0.8%) in healthy volunteers but greater variance in clinical samples (13.6%), after controlling for study and participant differences. This suggests facilitators may play a clinically meaningful role in shaping outcomes for patient populations, comparable to or exceeding therapist effects in traditional psychotherapy (~8%).
European journal of trauma & dissociation = Revue europeenne du trauma et de la dissociation
September 1, 2025
Shahar Almog, Albert Garcia‐romeu, Kathryn Walker et al.
1 citation
People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who also have depression, anxiety, and sleep problems reported that ketamine treatment improved multiple PTSD symptoms, based on a survey of 202 real-world patients. Before starting ketamine, those with PTSD had more severe depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance than those without PTSD, but after treatment their scores were no different, indicating they responded equally well. Most PTSD patients also received psychotherapy, but similar improvements occurred in those who did not. Patients described ketamine as allowing them to reprocess trauma and improve a range of symptoms.
Acta medica portuguesa
May 2, 2025
Pedro Mota, Jorge Encantado, Laura C. Carvalho et al.
1 citation
A survey of 156 Portuguese psychiatrists and psychologists found that while 59% were open to using ketamine for treatment-resistant depression, only 35.9% reported substantial knowledge of its therapeutic potential. 73% expressed concerns about inadequate professional training. Psychiatrists reported higher knowledge and openness than psychologists, and younger professionals showed greater interest in training and use. The results indicate favorable attitudes toward ketamine but highlight substantial educational gaps, suggesting that customized training based on age, sex, and professional background is needed for safe clinical integration.
June 9, 2023
Sandeep M. Nayak, Sydney H White, Samantha Hilbert et al.
1 citation
preprint
A longitudinal study of 657 people planning a psychedelic experience measured changes in beliefs about mind perception, metaphysical positions, and Atheist-Believer status before and after the experience. Replicating prior work, participants showed increased mind perception for living and non-living targets such as plants and animals. However, there was little to no change in metaphysical beliefs like dualism or in Atheist-Believer status. These results contrast with cross-sectional studies suggesting psychedelics alter non-naturalistic beliefs or religious identity, but they support the idea that psychedelics specifically affect how people perceive minds in various entities.
medRxiv Preprint Server
April 28, 2026
Sandeep M. Nayak, Nathan D. Sepeda, Matthew Nielsen Dick et al.
preprint
Psilocybin is being studied as a treatment for psychiatric and neurologic conditions, but there is limited comprehensive data on its cardiovascular safety. Current clinical trials typically exclude people with blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher, a cutoff set conservatively without strong empirical evidence.
Cancer causes & control : CCC
April 22, 2026
Amrit Baral, Yue Pan, Wayway M. Hlaing et al.
Among U.S. adults aged 50 and older, lifetime cannabis use was similar for cancer survivors (41.6%) and those without cancer (42.6%) between 2015 and 2019, while lifetime use of classic psychedelics like LSD (8.9% vs. 10.3%) and psilocybin (6.4% vs. 7.7%) was slightly lower among survivors. Co-use of both cannabis and classic psychedelics was also lower in survivors (11.2%) than in those without cancer (12.6%). By 2021-2022, these group differences were no longer statistically significant. Prevalence varied by cancer type, with highest co-use among survivors of head and neck, cervical, and hepatobiliary/pancreatic cancers. Substance use patterns among cancer survivors are not uniform and differ across subgroups.
Professional Psychology Research and Practice
February 1, 2026
Jorge Encantado, Laura C. Carvalho, Pedro Mota et al.
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, shows promise in transforming mental health care, with 70% of participants reporting significant improvements in depression and anxiety after treatment. In a clinical study involving 100 individuals, those receiving psilocybin therapy experienced an average reduction of 60% in symptoms within three weeks. Health professionals in psychiatry and clinical psychology are increasingly exploring psychedelics as viable options for patients. This shift could reshape mental health approaches, offering hope to those struggling with traditional therapies in Portugal and beyond.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
January 1, 2026
Jack E Henningfield, Frederick S. Barrett, Suzette M Evans et al.
Roland R. Griffiths was a highly influential scientist in behavioral and neuropsychopharmacology, known for his rigorous research on abuse liability of substances including alcohol, benzodiazepines, caffeine, tobacco, and psychedelics. This review, authored by his former mentees and collaborators, describes his methodical approach to research, his inclusive and collegial mentoring style, and his role in advancing scientific methods for abuse liability assessment, policy, and regulation. His work culminated in the establishment of the Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, reflecting his curiosity-driven, humanity-serving science that continues to inspire innovation.
Journal of Health Psychology
December 31, 2025
Laura C. Carvalho, Jorge Encantado, Arlen C. Moller et al.
Psychedelic experiences may help people adopt healthier behaviors, according to a survey of 271 adults. Participants reported changes across 74 behaviors after their most impactful psychedelic experience. The most common changes were increases in contemplative practices (63%), time spent in nature (55%), and personally meaningful social activities (54%). Most changes were in a healthy direction. Higher perceived meaningfulness of the experience and having a set intention beforehand were significantly associated with overall healthy change. The study cannot establish causality but suggests that intention and meaningfulness are candidate mechanisms for how psychedelics might facilitate positive behavior change.
Scientific Reports
December 8, 2025
Amrit Baral, Yue Pan, Wayway M. Hlaing et al.
Among older U.S. men, those who reported lifetime use of classic psychedelics alone had more than two and a half times the odds of a prostate cancer diagnosis compared with non-users, after adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. In men aged 65 or older, the odds were more than three and a half times higher. The analysis used nationally representative survey data from 2015–2019, covering 19,460 men aged 50 and older. Cannabis-only use and co-use of cannabis and psychedelics did not show a significant association. The authors suggest further research is needed to understand possible reasons and biological mechanisms behind this link.
Sleep
May 1, 2025
Denise C. Vidot, Amrit Baral, Bria-Necole Diggs et al.
Among 18-to-35-year-olds in the Herbal Heart Study, 39.5% reported lifetime psychedelic use and 32.8% reported psilocybin use. Overall, 54.5% were satisfied with sleep, 23.0% dissatisfied, and 22.5% neutral, with no differences in sleep satisfaction across the full sample. However, among Hispanic/Latino participants, 33.9% of psychedelic consumers reported sleep dissatisfaction versus 17.2% of non-consumers. Hispanic/Latino psychedelic consumers had 4.4 times higher odds of both sleep dissatisfaction and satisfaction compared to being neutral; psilocybin-alone consumers had 9.2 times higher odds of dissatisfaction. No associations appeared among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or other groups, suggesting a complex link specific to Hispanic/Latino individuals.
Psychedelic Medicine
September 1, 2024
Albert Garcia‐romeu
High-dose dextromethorphan (DXM) and psilocybin both increased ratings of personal meaning, spiritual significance, psychological challenge, and psychological insight compared to placebo, and these experiences predicted psychological benefit one week later, even when expectancy effects were minimized. The effects tended to favor psilocybin in a dose-dependent manner, and DXM's utility was limited by poor physical tolerability. The findings suggest that dissociatives administered in supportive, psychedelic-like contexts may have therapeutic potential.
October 14, 2023
David S. Mathai, Daniel E. Roberts, Sandeep M. Nayak et al.
preprint
A longitudinal study of 679 adults planning to use psilocybin in naturalistic settings found that while most users (89.7%) described the experience as positive, acute feelings of shame or guilt were commonly reported (68.2% of users) and difficult to predict. The ability to constructively work through these feelings predicted wellbeing 2-4 weeks after use. Psilocybin produced a small but significant average decrease in trait shame that lasted 2-3 months, but trait shame increased in a notable minority (29.8%) of participants. The activation of shame-related experiences with psychedelics may pose a unique learning condition for both therapeutic and detrimental forms of memory reconsolidation.
Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
January 1, 2022
Albert Garcia‐romeu, Sean Darcy, Hillary Jackson et al.
Classic psychedelics that activate the serotonin 2A receptor are being explored as potential treatments for mental health conditions, with evidence suggesting they can produce lasting reductions in anxiety and depression after a single dose. Acute subjective effects appear important for therapeutic benefits. Animal studies indicate these compounds may also influence learning and memory, with relevance for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Proposed biological mechanisms include enhanced neuroplasticity, anti-inflammatory effects, and altered brain connectivity. Human research suggests high-dose psychedelics might help treat depressed mood and anxiety in early-stage Alzheimer's. Preclinical data hint at potential to slow brain atrophy, enhance cognition, and slow disease progression, though further research is needed.
The International journal on drug policy
December 1, 2021
David B. Yaden, Andrea P Berghella, Paul S. Regier et al.
Classic psychedelics like psilocybin show promise for treating substance use disorders, and if larger trials confirm efficacy, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy might be integrated into existing treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy and twelve-step facilitation programs like Alcoholics Anonymous. Although AA has historically rejected medication-assisted treatments, the authors argue that classic psychedelics and their subjective experiences may be more compatible than conventional medications. They describe Bill Wilson's, the founder of AA, little-known experiences with psychedelics, suggesting aspects of psychedelic treatments could complement AA. A review of clinical trials evaluating psychedelics for substance use disorders is provided, along with discussion of potential large-scale impact if integrated into AA.
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science
June 11, 2021
Justin C Strickland, Albert Garcia‐romeu, Matthew W Johnson
correction
No Summary