Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare condition linked to hallucinogenic drug use, often diagnosed in individuals with prior psychological issues or substance misuse, but it can occur after a single exposure. This review of 45 original studies examines proposed etiologies, the hallucinogens involved, clinical features of HPPD types I and II, psychiatric comorbidities, and available or potential treatments. The findings suggest that HPPD remains poorly understood, with limited therapeutic options, highlighting the need for further research.
25C-NBOMe, sold online as legal LSD or under names like 'N-bomb' and 'Pandora', is a partial agonist of 5-HT2A receptors that carries a high risk of overdose, with acute toxicity and fatalities reported. It is taken orally, sublingually, nasally, by injection, vaginally, rectally, or smoked, producing effects such as sublingual numbing, stimulation, hallucinations, dissociation, and anxiety. Its use is an emerging phenomenon increased by low-cost online availability, and health professionals should be informed about this trend.
Synthetic cannabinoids are the most widespread class of novel psychoactive substances, yet their health risks are often unknown to users and health professionals. This review synthesizes recent insights on the pharmacology, clinical, and psychopathological aspects of synthetic cannabinoids. A structured search of PubMed and Scopus yielded 162 relevant results, mainly epidemiological, forensic, toxicologic, or analytical. Fifteen synthetic cannabinoid-related fatality cases were reviewed. The findings confirm the need for prompt, reliable information for health professionals, along with more specific analytic techniques and preventive strategies to address the synthetic cannabinoid challenge.