During sleep, functional connections between brain networks shift in a directional manner. In non-REM (NREM) sleep, positive wake-like correlations often become negative and strengthen in the opposite direction, while in REM sleep they trend back toward positive correlations. This pattern supports the idea that NREM sleep involves altered, not merely reduced, functional connectivity. Many of these connections involve higher-order networks linked to cognition and consciousness, such as the default mode network, suggesting possible accompanying changes in cognitive and conscious states.
An adapted mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) program for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and comorbid depression is feasible and improves depression, stress, mindfulness, and adaptive coping. In a pilot randomized controlled trial, 64 AYAs aged 16–29 were assigned to MBCT or treatment as usual. At 8 weeks, the MBCT group showed significantly lower depression and stress scores, and higher active coping and total mindfulness scores. At 20 weeks, improvements in mindful awareness and coping by positive reframing and planning were sustained. The study suggests MBCT holds promise as a component of integrated IBD care.