Contemporary Drug Problems
August 29, 2022
Liam Engel, S. Thal, S. Bright
29 citations
People who use psychedelics prefer trip sitters—caregivers who monitor them during a session—to have personal experience with psychedelics or other non-ordinary states of consciousness, knowledge of health and medical fields, and familiarity with psychedelic literature. Forum discussions on The Shroomery and DMT Nexus also reveal a demand for remote trip sitting, where consumers communicate plans online to a sitter who is not physically present, balancing privacy with care. These preferences likely stem from stigma and the value of empathy; trip sitters with lived experience can relate to the effects and help consumers avoid judgment. The findings suggest that harm reduction services should be delivered by peers and should explore remote care options.
Journal of Evolutionary Psychology
September 21, 2020
Emily Blatchford, Stephen Bright, Liam Engel
27 citations
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating various psychological conditions, and increased empathic functioning may be one mechanism behind its clinical effects. Neuropsychological and clinical evidence suggests that psychedelics can enhance empathy through actions on the 5-HT system, default mode network, neural connectivity, and ego dissolution. These changes in empathy are likely linked to well-documented increases in the personality trait of openness following psychedelic use. Enhanced empathic function may have clinical benefits by fostering greater social connectedness and promoting prosocial attitudes and behaviors.
Journal of Psychedelic Studies
August 19, 2023
Liam Engel, Monica J Barratt, Jason Ferris et al.
7 citations
Among 284 people who used mescaline in the past year, 20% had consumed wild-harvested Peyote. Those who preferred Peyote most often cited indigenous cultural traditions (57.8%), availability (40.0%), and environmental sustainability (33.3%) as motivations. San Pedro was the most common mescaline source (56.1%), and those who preferred it cited availability (54.7%), potency (45.3%), and indigenous cultural traditions (44.2%). Price and potency were significantly more important for San Pedro preferrers. Fewer than 7% of San Pedro users had consumed it from native habitats. The findings suggest that promoting cultivated San Pedro could reduce unsustainable wild Peyote consumption.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
June 7, 2025
Simon A Beck, Caine Barlow, Liam Engel et al.
4 citations
A survey of 392 people who consumed psilocybin-containing mushrooms found that 42.1% reported experiencing temporary muscle weakness, a condition called wood-lover paralysis (WLP). Onset typically occurred within 4 hours of ingestion, primarily impairing mobility (80.4%), with some reporting difficulty swallowing (26.7%) and breathing (16.6%). Symptoms persisted into the next day for 48.1% of those affected, and 21.5% experienced a fall or accident. WLP occurred across different preparation methods and growth conditions, with no significant associations with age, gender, health status, or allergies. The results suggest WLP is an under-recognized adverse outcome from certain lignicolous Psilocybe species, warranting further research and awareness for harm reduction.
Journal of Psychedelic Studies
July 17, 2024
Liam Engel, Sascha Thal, Stephen Bright et al.
4 citations
Analysis of 660 posts from online psychedelic forums (The Shroomery and DMT Nexus) about trip sitting revealed that psychedelics discussed include 5-MeO-DMT, ayahuasca, changa, LSA, LSD, and psilocybin. For well-researched substances like LSD and psilocybin, the common dosages determined by a Delphi-style expert panel aligned closely with those used in clinical studies. Many posts indicated that psychedelic care was seen as unnecessary or optional, especially for LSD and LSA, while 5-MeO-DMT was strongly associated with a perceived need for care. Greater psychedelic purity and dosage intensity correlated with a perceived need for care. Oral administration, the most common route, showed lower dosage intensity.
Forensic Chemistry
March 25, 2025
Pragna Gaur, Liam Engel, Damian Robert Hall et al.
1 citation
Mescaline concentrations in ornamental San Pedro cacti vary widely, posing risks of unintended low or high doses if used illicitly. A new UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method rapidly and reliably quantifies mescaline in these cacti and screens others. Preliminary results suggest higher mescaline levels in the chlorenchyma than in the parenchyma of San Pedro. Screening revealed mescaline in two varieties of Echinopsis subdenudata for the first time, at concentrations from 36 μg/g to 2.45 mg/g, while six other cacti had none. This finding supports the chemotaxonomic argument that Trichocereus and Echinopsis genera may not be distinct and should be combined. The discovery of mescaline in a popular ornamental cactus highlights the need for routine forensic screening to keep pace with emerging psychedelic drug trends.
Contemporary Drug Problems
February 10, 2025
Liam Engel, Mitchell Low
1 citation
Conflicts around the mescaline cacti San Pedro and Peyote arise from tensions between Indigenous cultural practices, psychopharmacotherapy research, psychedelic markets, and ecology. Through autoethnography, the authors reflect on their lived experiences with growing, researching, and working with these plants. They find that powers of medicine and prohibition dominate among diverse stakeholders, but these powers are also met with resistance.