Since the 2000s, more new psychoactive substances have appeared on the illicit drug market. β-Keto-arylcyclohexylamine compounds, which have pharmacological roles in anesthesia, are increasingly used recreationally, but detailed toxicity data are lacking. Analyzing their metabolites can help forensic personnel determine whether someone has taken these illicit substances. This study examined the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of three such compounds: deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, fluoro-N-ethyl-ketamine, and bromoketamine. Using zebrafish and human liver microsomes, 49 metabolites were identified via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Hydroxy-deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, hydroxy-fluoro-N-ethyl-ketamine, and hydroxy-bromoketamine are recommended as biomarkers for documenting intake in clinical and forensic cases.
A novel immersive meditation system deployed in a metaverse environment was tested for feasibility and preliminary effects. The system includes two modules: an experience-based module with AI-driven social interactions in simulated everyday scenarios, using large language models to generate narrative content, followed by guided reflection; and a breathing-focused module with real-time breath-synchronization feedback. In a two-week, single-group study of 31 participants, validated questionnaires measured psychological distress, mindfulness, acceptance, self-compassion, and self-esteem before and after the intervention. Results provide exploratory evidence that immersive metaverse environments and LLM-based scenario generation are feasible for structured mental health interventions and may have positive psychological effects.