In this article, we consider the usefulness of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and perturbation in evaluating causal relationships between bodily self-consciousness and the brain. We argue that fMRI research is not always restricted to correlational statements when it is combined with perturbation techniques and can sometimes permit some degree of causal inferencing, such as when...
Rhythmic auditory stimulation has long been used across cultures to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC), yet its phenomenological and physiological correlates remain incompletely characterized under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we investigated whether drumming-derived rhythmic auditory stimulation reliably induces ASC and how stimulus structure and individual expertise shape...