Depression affects hundreds of millions globally, and in 2019, esketamine, an S-enantiomer of ketamine, was approved for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). While effective, esketamine carries risks, including abuse potential and adverse effects even at low doses. As a result, ketamine's metabolite, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK), has garnered attention for its potential...
Após concluir esta atividade, os participantes deverão ser capazes de: Analisar os mecanismos farmacodinâmicos da cetamina, incluindo sua ação primária como antagonista do receptor NMDA e efeitos secundários sobre os receptores AMPA, sistemas opioides e vias de neuroplasticidade, a fim de otimizar a seleção do tratamento para pacientes com depressão resistente ao tratamento. Avaliar cenários...
After completing this activity, participants should be able to: Analyze the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of ketamine, including its primary action as an NMDA receptor antagonist and secondary effects on AMPA receptors, opioid systems, and neuroplasticity pathways, to optimize treatment selection for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Evaluate clinical scenarios to determine when...
Na het voltooien van deze activiteit moeten deelnemers in staat zijn om: De farmacodynamische mechanismen van ketamine te analyseren, inclusief de primaire werking als NMDA-receptorantagonist en secundaire effecten op AMPA-receptoren, opioïde systemen en neuroplasticiteitspathways, om de behandelkeuze voor patiënten met therapieresistente depressie te optimaliseren. Klinische scenario's te...
Arketamine, the (R)-enantiomer of (R,S)-ketamine, shows even greater rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in rodent models compared to esketamine, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model to investigate how arketamine exerts its antidepressant-like effects. We found that activating cAMP response element-binding...
Dextromethorphan/bupropion (D/B) is an innovative pharmacological treatment for major depressive disorder. Nevertheless, the current evidence regarding the safety profile of D/B is predominantly derived from clinical trials, thus hindering the timely updating of adverse event (AE) data for this medication. Therefore, this study conducted data mining and analysis of AE signals (especially for...
Ketamine, originally developed as an anesthetic, is gaining increasing attention due to its multifaceted pharmacological properties. In addition to its use in anesthesia, ketamine exerts potent analgesic effects via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, modulating pain perception and reducing central sensitization, particularly in chronic and neuropathic pain conditions. Emerging...
Drugs AgingJune 24, 2025Lou Vinarcsik, Charles Smoller, George Grossberg1 citation
The use of drugs with psychedelic and dissociative effects for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, few trials have been conducted to determine the efficacy of these agents in the specific setting of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) in older adults. In this paper, we review notable aspects of treatment-resistant MDD...
Currently, the most actively investigated rapidly acting antidepressants, anxiolytics and/or anti PTSD agents, include psychedelics e.g. psilocybin, LSD, N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine, ayahuasca; non‐hallucinogenic entactogens, e.g. MDMA; psychoplastogens which rapidly promote neuroplasticity, e.g. ibogaine, ketamine and esketamine; and other atypicals e.g. dextromorphan/bupropion, esmethadone....
Background/Objectives: Depression ranks among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, marked by a variety of symptoms that frequently cause significant emotional distress and impairment in individuals, alongside a high recurrence rate. The predominant approach to treating depression revolves around monoamine theory, utilizing SSRIs and SNRIs, with Esketamine emerging as a...