A circuit dissection of perception-action decoupling in S-ketamine-induced hallucination-like states.

Abstract

Hallucinations are a core feature of several psychiatric disorders, but the circuit mechanisms that separate perception from behavioral output remain poorly defined. Here, we combined an auditory discrimination task with AI-based pose analysis to quantify S-ketamine-induced false auditory threat responses and behavioral disorganization in mice. Control assays, including sucrose preference, loss of righting reflex, and prepulse inhibition, indicated that these effects were not explained by anhedonia, anesthesia, or basic auditory deficits. Using in vivo fiber photometry, single-cell miniscope calcium imaging, and pathway-specific chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations, we identified dissociable circuit contributions within convergent striatal pathways. The basolateral amygdala to caudal striatum pathway (BLA→TS) supported salience-weighted perceptual decisions and, when aberrantly recruited by S-ketamine, promoted auditory false alarms. In contrast, the medial prefrontal cortex to caudal striatum pathway (mPFC→TS) primarily shaped behavioral expression and, when dysregulated, generated disorganized action patterns. At the network level, S-ketamine shifted TS activity from a sparse, high-contrast state to a high-frequency, low-amplitude, diffusely coupled state, consistent with reduced integrative precision. Auditory cortex to TS inputs were not broadly suppressed, supporting pathway specificity. Bidirectional chemogenetic manipulation of BLA→TS and mPFC→TS pathways in drug-naive mice further supported the TS as an integrative node linking perceptual evaluation to behavioral output. Dexmedetomidine co-administration restored pathway-level temporal dynamics and reorganized TS network coupling without simply suppressing activity. Together, these findings define a circuit framework for NMDAR-antagonist-induced hallucination-like states and provide a mechanistic rationale for dexmedetomidine-mediated mitigation of S-ketamine-associated perceptual and behavioral disruption.

In the evidence

This study is part of the evidence base for a synthesis in the library. Here is how each one recorded it.

• State of the evidence: Esketamine ↕Mixed

  S-ketamine induced auditory false alarms and behavioral disorganization in mice through dissociable striatal pathways, and dexmedetomidine restored pathway-level temporal dynamics without simply suppressing activity.

  Synthesized September 27, 2026

Comparable studies

Other preclinical and animal studies on esketamine, most cited first.