Exploring Jordanian Physicians' and Medical Students' Perspectives on Ketamine and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies: An Insight from the Middle East.
Khalid E Ahmed, Dima Abu Nasrieh, Haneen A Banihani, Mohammed Fadi Obaidat, Toni Mazzawi, Azzah Khalid Al-Tarawneh, Radwan Bani Mustafa, Zaid Al Kayed
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs July 6, 2025 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2526403 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Cross-sectional study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 1,985 |
| Population | Jordanian physicians and medical students |
| Duration | July to August 2024 |
| Topics | Ketamine Esketamine Psychedelic-assisted therapy |
| Keywords | Attitudes Jordan Medical students Mental health treatments Physicians Psychedelic-assisted therapies Psychedelics Promising new approaches Respondents Limited familiarity Varied perceptions Oppose Cautious Supportive Opportunity for education Enhance understanding |
| Citations | 1 |
| Key findings | Most Jordanian healthcare professionals have limited familiarity with psychedelic substances, and attitudes are mixed, with the largest group opposing their medical use. |
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapies and ketamine are two modalities gaining attention in psychiatry for treating conditions such as depression, PTSD, and substance use disorders. However, perceptions of these treatments vary globally. This study explores the familiarity, attitudes, and perceptions of Jordanian physicians and medical students toward psychedelic substances, addressing a gap in Middle Eastern research. A cross-sectional study conducted from July to August 2024 utilized a validated online survey among medical students and physicians in Jordan. The survey covered demographics, familiarity to psychedelics and ketamine, attitudes toward their medical use, and concerns about risks and legality. Statistical analyses, including multivariate regression and factor analysis, assessed the influence of demographics on participant perspectives. Of the 1,985 respondents, most had limited familiarity to psychedelics. LSD was the most recognized substance, while fewer participants identified psilocybin or MDMA. familiarity and attitudes varied significantly by age, gender, and prior familiarity, with professional status showing no impact. Three attitude clusters emerged: opposers (n = 1000), cautious (n = 677), and supporters (n = 308), each influenced by different demographics. This study reveals a notable familiarity gap and mixed attitudes toward psychedelic therapies among Jordanian healthcare professionals, highlighting the need for targeted education to enhance understanding of these treatments in Jordan's medical community.
Comparable studies
Other cross-sectional and survey studies on ketamine, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users People who use drugs in dance contexts | 2006 | Repeated-measures cross-sectional survey | |
| Preliminary analysis of positive and negative syndrome scale in ketamine-associated psychosis in comparison with schizophrenia Healthy subjects, ketamine abusers, and schizophrenia patients | 2014 | Cross-sectional study | n = 998 |
| Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use Online survey respondents | 2011 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 192 |
| Self-reported prevalence of dependence of MDMA compared to cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine among a sample of recreational poly-drug users Global non-treatment-seeking sample of last year users of MDMA, cocaine, mephedrone,... | 2014 | Cross-sectional survey | |
| Near-Death States Reported in a Sample of 50 Misusers Previous ketamine misusers who reported a ketamine-related near-death experience | 2010 | Cross-sectional survey | n = 50 |
Citations in the library
Cites 11
- The neural basis of psychedelic action. Nature Neuroscience October 24, 2022
- The History of Psychedelics in Psychiatry Pharmacopsychiatry December 7, 2020
- Attitudes and Beliefs about the Therapeutic Use of Psychedelic Drugs among Psychologists in the United States Journal of Psychoactive Drugs September 1, 2021
- Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy Irish Journal of Medical Science June 15, 2021
- Perceptions and attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy among health professionals, patients, and the public: A systematic review Journal of Psychedelic Studies February 5, 2024
and 6 more in the library