A Diagnostic Challenge in Polysubstance Use: Nitrous Oxide–induced Neurological Toxicity Masked by Alcohol Withdrawal—A Case Report
Lucy Doan, Leisha Hawker, Caroline Racz
Canadian Journal of Addiction August 7, 2026 DOI: 10.1097/cxa.0000000000000281 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Case study Case report Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 1 |
| Population | 26-year-old male with alcohol use disorder in an outpatient medical withdrawal program |
| Intervention | Nitrous oxide |
| Dose | ~30 canisters (240 g total) |
| Key findings | The authors argue that concurrent nitrous oxide toxicity was masked by alcohol withdrawal symptoms in a young man with alcohol use disorder, and that clinicians should maintain suspicion for nitrous oxide use in young adults with unexplained neurological symptoms even when other substance-related complications are present. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency was suggested despite an elevated vitamin B12 level (655 pmol/L). |
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background: Recreational nitrous oxide use is increasing, causing functional vitamin B 12 deficiency and neurological complications that may be overlooked in complex clinical presentations. Case presentation: A 26-year-old male with alcohol use disorder presented with progressive lower-extremity weakness, peripheral paresthesias, and nocturnal urinary incontinence during alcohol withdrawal in an outpatient medical withdrawal program. Initial focus on withdrawal symptoms delayed recognition of concurrent nitrous oxide toxicity. Despite elevated vitamin B 12 levels (655 pmol/L), clinical findings suggested functional B 12 deficiency. The patient disclosed using ~30 canisters of nitrous oxide (240 g total) on day 10 of admission.
Conclusion: This case demonstrates how polysubstance use can mask concurrent toxicities. Clinicians should maintain suspicion for nitrous oxide use in young adults with unexplained neurological symptoms, even when presenting with other substance-related complications. Early recognition and targeted inquiry about nitrous oxide use are essential for appropriate management. Contexte: La consommation récréative de protoxyde d’azote est en augmentation, entraînant une carence fonctionnelle en vitamine B 12 et des complications neurologiques qui peuvent être négligées dans des tableaux cliniques complexes. Présentation du cas: Un homme de 26 ans souffrant d’un trouble lié à la consommation d’alcool s’est présenté avec une faiblesse progressive des membres inférieurs, des paresthésies périphériques et une incontinence urinaire nocturne lors d’un sevrage alcoolique dans le cadre d’un programme de sevrage médical externe. L’attention initialement portée aux symptômes de sevrage a retardé la reconnaissance d’une intoxication concomitante au protoxyde d’azote. Malgré des taux élevés de vitamine B 12 (655 pmol/L), les signes cliniques suggéraient une carence fonctionnelle en vitamine B 12 . Le patient a révélé avoir consommé environ 30 cartouches de protoxyde d’azote (240 g au total) au 10e jour de son admission.
Conclusion: Ce cas montre comment la polyconsommation de substances peut masquer des intoxications concomitantes. Les cliniciens doivent rester vigilants quant à la consommation de protoxyde d’azote chez les jeunes adultes présentant des symptômes neurologiques inexpliqués, même en présence d’autres complications liées à la consommation de substances. Une reconnaissance précoce et des questions ciblées sur la consommation de protoxyde d’azote sont essentielles pour une prise en charge appropriée.
Citations in the library
Cites 5
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- Increase of nitrous oxide-induced neurological disorders – a German multicenter experience Neurological Research and Practice January 16, 2025
- Diagnosis and management of toxicity associated with the recreational use of nitrous oxide Canadian Medical Association Journal August 20, 2023
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