Acercamiento analítico e histórico a la mente humana como problema filosófico

Abstract

The article reflects on the human mind as a philosophical problem, approaching it from an analytical and historical perspective. Its central aim is to offer a critical and contextualized understanding of how philosophy of mind has attempted to answer fundamental questions about consciousness, subjectivity and the mind-body relationship. It begins with a conceptual approach that defines philosophy of mind as a discipline that analyzes the nature of mental states and their link to the physical world. It then follows a historical journey from the dualistic conceptions of Plato and Descartes to contemporary approaches influenced by cognitive scienceand neurophilosophy. The main problems of the discipline are presented, such as the problem of consciousness, intentionality and privileged access. The paper also analyzes the theoretical foundations in key authors: Searle, with his theory of biological realism;Churchland, from eliminative materialism that denies the existence of mental states as valid scientific entities; and Putnam, with his externalism that holds that mental contents are partially dependent on the environment. Overall, the article shows how the mind remains an open problem that demands rigorous and multidisciplinary philosophical reflection where consciousness and mind are in continuous dialogue.