Up: The rise of nitrous oxide abuse. An international survey of contemporary nitrous oxide use.
Stephen J. Kaar, Jason Ferris, Jon Waldron, Madonna Devaney, John Ramsey, Adam Winstock
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) April 2016 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116632375 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational cohort Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 74,864 |
| Population | Recreational drug users responding to the 2014 Global Drug Survey |
| Keywords | Nitrous oxide Addictions Anaesthetic Drugs of misuse Psychedelic |
| Key findings | Nitrous oxide is widely used, mostly infrequently and with little harm, but a subpopulation of heavy users may be dependent. Among last-year users, accidental injury was associated with higher numbers of hits per session, indicating a dose-response relationship. |
Abstract
In recent years the recreational use of inhaled nitrous oxide gas (N2O) is becoming increasingly popular, yet little is known about the characteristics of its users or the effects they experience. This paper presents original research from the 2014 Global Drug Survey (GDS) (n=74,864). GDS runs the largest survey of recreational drug use in the world. The findings confirm N2O as a very common drug of use, in particular in the UK and US (38.6% and 29.4% lifetime prevalence). In the UK N2O was reported to be the eighth most commonly used substance. N2O was generally consumed via gas-filled balloons, at festivals and clubs where use of other substances was common. The vast majority of users use infrequently, and their use is not associated with significant harm. However, there appears to be a subpopulation of heavy users who may be using in a dependent pattern. Analysis of last year N2O users (n=4883), confirms that N2O is associated with hallucinations and confusion (which may be the desired effects) and persistent numbness and accidental injury (27.8%, 23.9%, 4.3% and 1.2% of last year users, respectively). Accidental injury is associated with the highest number of 'hits' per session, suggesting a dose-response relationship. The presence of significant harm is discussed in the light of public education on the risks of N2O use and harm-reduction strategies appropriate to N2O use. Further work needs to be completed to confirm the presence of persistent neurological symptoms in recreational users.