Questionnaires and diaries as research instruments in dream research: Methodological issues.
Dreaming March 1, 2002 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013890421674 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 285 |
| Population | Participants who completed a dream questionnaire and kept a dream diary |
| Duration | Two-week period |
| Keywords | Dream Applied psychology Psychotherapist |
| Citations | 162 |
| Key findings | Keeping a dream diary increased dream recall in low and medium recallers but decreased it in high recallers. Correlations between questionnaire items and diary data were large except for a realism/bizarreness scale, with lower coefficients in the low recall group. Measurement technique affected results, as demonstrated by gender differences. |
Abstract
Dream questionnaires are widely used in dream research to measure dream recall frequency and various aspects of dream life. The present study has investigated the intercorrelation between questionnaire and diary measures. 285 participants completed a dream question-naire and kept a dream diary over a two-week period. Results indicate that keeping a dream diary increased dream recall in low and medium dream recallers but decreased dream recall in high dream recallers. The correlation coefficients between questionnaire items measuring aspects of dream content and diary data were large, except for a more complex scale (realism/bizarreness). In the low recall group, however, considerably lower coefficients were found indicating that recall and sampling processes affect the response to global items measuring dream content. Using the example of testing gender differences, the findings of the present study clearly indicate that the measurement technique affects the results. Whereas sufficient internal consistency and retest reliability have been demon-strated for various dream questionnaires, future research should focus on the aspects of validity by comparing questionnaire data to dream content analysis of at least 20 dreams per person.