A Quantum-Mechanical Mathematical Model with Either-or Questions Posited as a Potential Key for Improving Underdeveloped Ego Autonomy during Early Adolescence
Tomoyuki Nagayama, Kazuo Koyama, Tsuyoshi Takada
F1000Research June 25, 2026 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.180285.1 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Theoretical or philosophical paper Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Intervention | either–or questions |
| Keywords | Indeterminacy philosophy Consciousness Function biology Conceptualization Psychological intervention Autonomy Perspective graphical Psychodynamics Position finance Cognitive psychology Intervention counseling Intrapersonal communication Situational ethics State computer science Psychological theory Energy signal processing State function |
| Key points | Proposes that either–or questions can assist intrapersonal drive energy development through the resonance of position and drive, enabling formulation of questions that probe 50% probability. |
Abstract
Background: Although drives cannot be demonstrated to be quantum phenomena, the formulation proceeds by defining drives in terms of their neural correlates and by hypothesizing that the indeterminacy associated with consciousness arises from the indeterminacy of drives. We also explore interventions using either–or questions designed to foster emotional awareness related to changes in drive.
Methods: This study formulates the uncertainty relations accompanying the quantum fluctuation of life and death drives using a two-state system quantum-mechanical mathematical model. A function hypothesis model of an intervention method with either–or questions is developed. A drive is considered a dynamical variable and denoted as the operator of spin components, and the mental state is represented as the quantum-mechanical state vector.
Results: Either–or questions function to assist intrapersonal drive energy development through the fixation of position enabled by the resonance of position and drive. The assignment of words to particles of the opposite vector enables the formulation of questions that probe 50% probability.
Conclusions: We can quantitatively discuss transition probabilities and uncertainty relations in the psychological model. This model benefits the literature by creating a starting point for the differentiation and integration of the two drives in a psychodynamic intervention while maintaining the perspective of economic theory.