Incorporation of complex narratives into dreaming
Jessica Palmieri, Deniz Kumral, Sammy-Jo Wymer, Susanne Kirchner, Maximilian Schneider, Steffen Gais, Monika Schönauer
Sleep September 18, 2025 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf280 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Naturalistic experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Duration | One night |
| Topics | Lucid dreaming Dreaming |
| Keywords | Narrative Content measure theory Eye movement Suggestibility Memory consolidation Sleep system call Cognitive psychology Developmental psychology Autobiographical memory Psychoanalysis |
| Key findings | Dreams across the whole night and from both NREM and REM sleep contain specific information about narratives studied before sleep, and stronger incorporation of that content in dreams is associated with better recognition of the content. |
Abstract
Reactivation of waking neuronal activity during sleep holds a functional role in memory consolidation. Reprocessing of daytime memory in dreams might aid later memory performance in a similar way. Numerous findings hint at a link between dreaming and sleep-dependent memory processing; however, studies investigating day-residue incorporation in dreaming led to mixed results so far. In this study, we used a naturalistic learning paradigm aimed at biasing dream content by manipulating presleep experience. Participants listened to one of four different audiobooks while falling asleep and were awoken several times during the night to report their dreams. Afterward, we tested how well they remembered the content of the audiobook. We then asked three blind raters to guess, based solely on anonymized dream reports, which audiobook someone had listened to before experiencing a dream. Our findings show that dreams across the whole night and from both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep awakenings contain specific information about the content of narratives studied before sleep. Moreover, participants with stronger incorporation of the audiobook in their dreams showed a tendency to recognize more audiobook content across the sleep period. Together, these findings suggest that salient day-time experiences resurface in dreams and that content selected for consolidation during sleep is more strongly incorporated.