Immersive NREM dreaming preserves subjective sleep depth against declining sleep pressure
Adriana Michalak, Davide Marzoli, Francesco Pietrogiacomi, Damiana Bergamo, Valentina Elce, Bianca Pedreschi, Giorgia Mosca, Alessandro Navari, Michele Emdin, Emiliano Ricciardi, Giacomo Handjaras, Giulio Bernardi
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) September 8, 2025 preprint DOI: 10.1101/2025.09.03.673907 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational study |
|---|---|
| Population | Humans during NREM sleep |
| Topics | Dreaming |
| Keywords | Sleep system call Unconsciousness Dream Electroencephalography K-complex Sleep inertia Audiology Cognitive psychology Sleep stages Perception Sleep spindle |
| Key findings | Immersive dreaming sustains perceived sleep depth as homeostatic sleep pressure wanes, challenging the view that deep sleep stems solely from reduced brain activity. |
Abstract
Perceived sleep depth is a key determinant of subjective sleep quality, traditionally thought to reflect unconsciousness and reduced cortical activation. Here, we combined high-density EEG with a serial awakening paradigm during NREM sleep to examine its neural and experiential correlates. As expected, deeper sleep was associated with reduced cortical activation, reflected in a lower high-to-low frequency power ratio. Yet, this relationship weakened in the presence of dreaming, indicating that immersive conscious experiences can counteract the impact of cortical activation on perceived depth. Indeed, perceived sleep depth was lowest during states with a mere sense of presence and highest during immersive dreaming or deep unconsciousness. Across the night, physiological sleep pressure and subjective sleepiness declined, but perceived sleep depth rose alongside increasing dream immersiveness. These results challenge the view that deep sleep stems solely from reduced brain activity and suggest that immersive dreaming sustains perceived sleep depth as homeostatic pressure wanes.
Comparable studies
Other observational and cohort studies on dreaming, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lucid Dreaming: a State of Consciousness with Features of Both Waking and Non-Lucid Dreaming Student volunteers trained to become lucid and signal lucidity with horizontal eye... | 2009 | Observational study | n = 6 |
| Nightmare Prevalence, Nightmare Distress, and Self-Reported Psychological Disturbance Young adults with a mean age of 20 years | 2002 | Prospective observational study | n = 116 |
| Long-term effects of extreme situational stress on sleep and dreaming Survivors of traumatic events who complained of sleep disturbances, compared with... | 1987 | Case-control study | n = 11 |
| The relationship of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress to well‐being Adults who reported dreams | 2004 | Observational cohort | n = 147 |
| Dreaming in NREM Sleep: A High-Density EEG Study of Slow Waves and Spindles Healthy human subjects | 2018 | Observational cohort | n = 14 |