EEG microstate dynamics indicate a U-shaped path to propofol-induced loss of consciousness

The stream of consciousness is thought to be composed of discrete brain states, reflected in EEG microstates—transient, stable patterns of global neuronal activity lasting fractions of seconds. In 23 surgical patients, high-density EEG was recorded continuously from wakefulness to unconsciousness induced by step-wise increasing propofol concentrations. Under surgical anesthesia, microstate sequences became sparser, longer-lasting, and less complex. However, moderate sedation initially increased the temporal dynamics and complexity of microstates, producing a distinctive U-shaped pattern that may correspond to paradoxical excitation. These findings suggest that normal consciousness relies on a metastable balance between order and chaos, enabling flexible state transitions, and that altered consciousness reflects changes in this balance.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Abstract It is commonly believed that the stream of consciousness is not continuous but parsed into transient brain states manifesting themselves as discrete spatiotemporal patterns of global neuronal activity. Electroencephalographical (EEG) microstates are proposed as the neurophysiological correlates of these transiently stable brain states that last for fractions of seconds. To further understand the link between EEG microstate dynamics and consciousness, we continuously recorded high-density EEG in 23 surgical patients from their awake state to unconsciousness, induced by step-wise increasing concentrations of the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Besides the conventional parameters of microstate dynamics, we introduce a new method that estimates the complexity of microstate sequences. The brain activity under the surgical anesthesia showed a decreased sequence complexity of the stereotypical microstates, which became sparser and longer-lasting. However, we observed an initial increase in microstates’ temporal dynamics and complexity with increasing depth of sedation leading to a distinctive “U-shape” that may be linked to the paradoxical excitation induced by moderate levels of propofol. Our results support the idea that the brain is in a metastable state under normal conditions, balancing between order and chaos in order to flexibly switch from one state to another. The temporal dynamics of EEG microstates indicate changes of this critical balance between stability and transition that lead to altered states of consciousness. Highlights EEG microstates capture discrete spatiotemporal patterns of global neuronal activity We studied their temporal dynamics in relation to different states of consciousness We introduce a new method to estimate the complexity of microstates sequences With moderate sedation complexity increases then decreases with full sedation Complexity of microstate sequences is sensitive to altered states of consciousness