Mapping the Buddhist Mind: A Scoping Review of Mental Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Mental Health

A scoping review of 16 studies found that Western psychology has made limited use of the Buddhist mental factor framework, which classifies moment-to-moment mental states and their antidotes. Although mindfulness and compassion have been widely adopted, the broader framework remains underexplored. The reviewed studies fell into three categories: conceptual and theoretical analyses (10), therapeutic applications (2), and computational or AI modeling (4). None applied the full framework in a Western psychology context, but findings suggested compatibility with AI systems. Tibetan Buddhist perspectives were underrepresented. The authors conclude that future research could develop a secularized understanding of mental factors and test clinical applications.

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Abstract

Abstract Objectives Buddhist psychology provides a detailed framework for understanding the mind through its classification of mental factors, offering a structured model for analysing moment-to-moment experience and identifying antidotes to unhelpful mental states. While specific mental factors such as mindfulness and compassion have been widely integrated into Western therapeutic models, the broader mental factor framework appears underexplored. This scoping review investigated engagement with the Buddhist mental factor framework in Western psychology and identified directions for future research. Method This review followed PRISMA-ScR and JBI guidelines. Searches were conducted in Scopus, PsycINFO (OVID), and Web of Science between 24/01/2025 and 29/12/2025. The search strategy incorporated multiple levels, including individual and broader Buddhist mental factor categories and overarching constructs (e.g. Abhidhamma/Abhidharma). Peer-reviewed studies were included if they conceptually discussed the mental factor framework or examined its relevance to psychology/mental health. Results From 258 records identified, 16 studies met inclusion criteria. These reflected three broad areas of engagement: conceptual and theoretical analyses ( n = 10), therapeutic applications ( n = 2), and computational or AI modelling ( n = 4), with some studies spanning multiple categories. Although none applied the full framework within a Western psychology context, findings suggested compatibility with AI computational systems. Tibetan Buddhist perspectives were underrepresented. Conclusions This review found limited engagement with the Buddhist mental factor framework but highlights its potential for integration into Western psychology. Future research could focus on developing a secularised understanding of mental factors, testing clinical applications and exploring relevance through AI modelling, behaviour change, and mental health interventions. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.