Altered processing of self-related emotional stimuli in mindfulness meditators.

Mid-to-long-term mindfulness meditators show distinct brain activity and emotional responses to self-criticism and self-praise compared to meditation-naïve individuals. In an fMRI study with 22 meditators and 22 matched controls, meditators had greater activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during both self-criticism and self-praise, which correlated with higher scores on non-reactivity to inner experience. Meditators also showed reduced functional connectivity between this region and posterior midline and parietal areas, suggesting less self-focus. Behaviorally, meditators reported smaller differences in emotional response between self-criticism and self-praise than controls, indicating more mindful regulation of self-related emotions.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Mental health benefits of mindfulness techniques are thought to involve changes in self-processing, such as decreased attachment to the self, higher self-compassion and lower emotional reactivity to inner experience. However, self-related emotion processing in regular mindfulness practitioners is not extensively studied. In the current work we investigate differential neural and behavioral correlates of self-criticism and self-praise in 22 mid-to-long-term mindfulness meditators (LTM) compared to 22 matched meditation-naïve participants (MNP). In an fMRI experiment, participants were presented with blocks of individually selected positive (self-praise, SP), negative (self-critical, SC), negative but not-self-critical (NNSC), and general, neutral (NT) adjectives, and reported their affective state after the blocks. On the neural level, both SP and SC yielded more activation in the dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) in LTM compared to MNP. Activation in this region correlated positively with non-react scores of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and showed decreased functional connectivity to posterior midline and parietal regions in LTM compared to MNP during both self-related appraisals. Further, we found evidence for emotional reactivity in LTM on the neural level, particularly during SP. On the behavioral level, a mixed effects analysis revealed significantly higher differences in affective ratings after blocks of SC compared to SP in MNP compared to LTM. Differences in DMPFC activation and affective ratings point towards increased awareness, potentially mindful regulation of SC and SP in LTM, while decreased connectivity to other regions of the default mode network could reflect a decreased self-focus in this group. As such, our results illustrate differences in self-related emotional processes in meditators and offer clinically relevant insights into mechanisms of mindful emotion regulation when facing self-criticism and self-praise.