Review of Research Progress and Controversy of MBCT, MBSR and Other Mindfulness Interventions in a Variety of Psychological Disorders

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) are non-pharmacological approaches that emphasize self-regulation and sustainable mental health. This review synthesizes high-quality randomized controlled trial evidence on their efficacy. MBCT demonstrates robust preventive effects in recurrent depression, while MBSR shows consistent benefits for anxiety and stress-related conditions. Theoretical mechanisms include decentering, attention regulation, and emotional acceptance as core transdiagnostic processes. However, contributions to long-term maintenance, responses to specific diseases, and group support remain controversial. Methodological challenges include heterogeneous interventions, limited active control conditions, and cultural issues. Future research should include long-term follow-up, mechanism-focused design, biomarker integration, and digital mindfulness interventions.

Study at a glance

Abstract

With the rising global burden of psychological disorders, traditional interventions show limitations in supporting psychological well-being. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) have become a respected, comprehensive, non-pharmacological approach that emphasises self-regulation and sustainable mental health. This review synthesises high-quality randomised controlled trial evidence on the efficacy of MBCT and MBSR in physical and psychological symptoms. Theoretical mechanisms are examined across cognitive, emotional, and neurocognitive levels, highlighting decentering, attention regulation, and emotional acceptance as core transdiagnostic processes. Evidence indicates that MBCT demonstrates robust preventive effects in recurrent depression, while MBSR shows consistent benefits for anxiety and stress-related conditions. However, the contribution of such therapies to non-specific factors, such as long-term maintenance effects, responses to specific diseases, and group support and treatment expectations, remains controversial. By critically discussing the methodological challenges, including heterogeneous interventions, limited active control conditions, and cultural propulsivity, future research directions may include long-term follow-up, mechanism-focused design, biomarker integration, and precision-oriented and digital mindfulness interventions. Overall, Mindfulness-Based Intervention stands as a promising and scalable approach to improve the long-term mental well-being of individuals with the disease, and additional rigorous research is required to elucidate its mechanisms and refine clinical implementation.