Emotional Composition Of Sleep-Related Out-Of-Body Experiences In Relation To Sleep Paralysis And Lucid Dreaming

Abstract

Sleep-related out-of-body experiences (OBEs) occupy an ambiguous position between sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming. OBEs are often considered part of the vestibular-motor component of sleep paralysis, but they also share features with lucid dreaming, including vivid internally generated experience, heightened awareness, and perceived agency. Here, we examined whether the emotional composition of sleep-related OBEs is closer to sleep paralysis, closer to lucid dreaming, or distinguishable from both. We analysed 666 participant-by-experience-type emotional reports corresponding to OBEs, sleep paralysis, and lucid dreams. Emotional variables were coded as binary presence/absence indicators. The main multivariate analyses focused on reports containing at least one discrete emotion, yielding 658 reports: 184 OBEs, 210 sleep paralysis reports, and 264 lucid dream reports. Emotional composition was assessed using Jaccard dissimilarity, non-metric multidimensional scaling, PERMANOVA, multivariate dispersion, and emotion-by-group association analyses. Responses indicating absence of emotion were analysed separately. Emotional composition differed significantly across OBEs, sleep paralysis, and lucid dreams. Descriptively, the OBE–lucid dream contrast showed the smallest observed pairwise effect size, whereas contrasts involving sleep paralysis showed larger observed effects. Sleep paralysis was associated with high-arousal negative emotions, particularly fear, terror, and anxiety, and showed the most homogeneous emotional profile. Lucid dreams were associated with happiness, love, hope, and sexual energy. OBEs were distinguished by peace/tranquility and, to a lesser extent, euphoria. Absence-of-emotion responses were rare and did not account for the multivariate pattern. Sleep-related OBEs were not emotionally reducible to sleep paralysis. Their emotional profile was consistent with greater affective similarity to lucid dreams than to sleep paralysis, while remaining distinguishable from both. These findings suggest that emotional composition provides an informative axis for characterizing sleep-related altered states of consciousness. Keywords: out-of-body experience; sleep paralysis; lucid dreaming; dream emotions; altered states of consciousness.