Perceived Availability of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the United States from 2015 to 2019
Brian S. Barnett, Akhil Anand, Elizabeth N. Dewey, Lee Hoffer, Jeremy Weleff
Psychedelic Medicine March 1, 2026 DOI: 10.1089/psymed.2024.0045 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational cohort Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 281,464 |
| Population | U.S. respondents aged 12 and older from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health |
| Duration | 2015–2019 |
| Topics | LSD |
| Key findings | Perceived availability of LSD increased slightly from 2015 to 2019, especially among several subpopulations, while remaining widely perceived as difficult to obtain. |
Abstract
Objective: While data on perceived availability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) [paLSD] are collected annually in the United States, detailed investigations of recent trends in paLSD have not been published. Therefore, we sought to explore this topic.
Method: Data were sourced from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) administrations. To identify factors associated with paLSD, exploratory multivariable models were constructed for respondents aged 12–17 (adolescents) and for respondents 18 and older (adults). Trends in paLSD among the whole sample and subpopulations were investigated.
Results: Among 281,464 respondents, 13.1% reported LSD was “fairly” or “very easy” to obtain. In adults, higher paLSD was associated with identifying as bisexual, experiencing past year serious psychological distress, higher education, and lifetime use of alcohol, marijuana, or hallucinogens. Negative associations included older age, identifying as Asian or Black, and lifetime stimulant use. In adolescents, unique associations included lower paLSD among males and Hispanic individuals, and higher paLSD with lifetime stimulant use. A small but statistically significant increase in paLSD was observed over the study period, especially among subgroups such as males, bisexual respondents, respondents reporting past year serious psychological distress, and those with hallucinogen use disorder or lower perceived risk of trying LSD. Identifying as Black was associated with a decreasing trend.
Conclusions: While LSD remains widely perceived as difficult to obtain, paLSD is increasing among several subpopulations. Monitoring these trends and identifying associated characteristics may inform targeted harm reduction efforts and public health messaging.
Comparable studies
Other observational and cohort studies on LSD, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution. Human participants | 2016 | Observational cohort | |
| Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin Humans | 2017 | Observational study | |
| Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population. USA adult respondents from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008-2012) | 2015 | Observational cohort | n = 190,000 |
| Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: A population study Randomly selected United States adults | 2015 | Observational cohort | n = 135,095 |
| Whole-Brain Multimodal Neuroimaging Model Using Serotonin Receptor Maps Explains Non-linear Functional Effects of LSD. Healthy human participants | 2018 | Observational study with computational modeling |
Citations in the library
Cites 19
- Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US JAMA Psychiatry December 7, 2022
- Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs: A mixed methods study PLoS One October 24, 2023
- Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015-2018. Drug and Alcohol Dependence May 15, 2020
- Adolescent and adult time trends in US hallucinogen use, 2002–19: any use, and use of ecstasy, LSD and PCP Addiction August 17, 2022
- Does getting high hurt? Characterization of cases of LSD and psilocybin-containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016 Journal of Psychopharmacology September 5, 2018
and 14 more in the library