Ceremonial Psychedelic Experiences and Changes in Mental Health Outcomes in Those with Adverse Childhood Experiences

Abstract

Background:Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known to contribute to mental health issues and interfere with response to mental health interventions. Psychedelics have been found to improve mental health outcomes; however, the exploration of the effects of psychedelics on mental health in those with higher ACEs remains limited. The present study aimed to examine mental health outcomes and acute subjective effects of ceremonial psychedelic use across the spectrum of ACE severity. Method:Prospective observational survey data were collected from a convenience sample (N = 570) of individuals who participated in psychedelic ceremonies. ACE severity was measured at baseline using the validated ACE-Questionnaire. Acute psychedelic experiences (mystical, emotional breakthrough, and challenging experiences) were assessed 1-day postpsychedelic use. Validated measures of mental well-being, experiential avoidance, and trait anxiety were obtained before, and 2- and 4-weeks postpsychedelic experience. Results:A regression analysis found that ACEs significantly moderated the relationship between time and mental health outcomes. Relative to lower ACEs, higher ACEs were associated with greater improvements in mental health across time, corrected for baseline. Spearman’s correlation showed that ACEs were significantly positively correlated with emotional breakthrough (rs = 0.15) and mystical experiences (rs =.12). Among individuals with ACEs ≥4, mystical and emotional breakthrough experiences were positively associated with well-being 2 (adj. r2 = 0.576 and 0.526) and 4 weeks (adj. r2 = 0.438 and 0.463, respectively) postpsychedelic experience (controlling for baseline well-being). Mystical experiences were negatively associated with experiential avoidance (adj. r2 = 0.716), and emotional breakthrough experiences were negatively associated with anxiety, 4 weeks postpsychedelic experience (adj. r2 = 0.401), controlling for baseline. Acute experiences did not significantly moderate the association between ACEs and mental health outcomes. Discussion:ACEs were associated with improvements in mental health following psychedelic experiences. ACEs were positively correlated with emotional breakthrough and mystical experiences, which were associated with improved longer term mental health. Study limitations include the use of a convenience sample and noncontrolled design. This study’s findings tentatively inform the development of psychedelic therapy in those reporting ACEs.