Transcendental Realities: A Study of Mokṣa and Fanāʾ in the Search for Divine Unity

Abstract

This study presents a comparative investigation of the notions of mokṣa (Liberation) in Advaita Vedānta, as interpreted by Śaṅkarācārya, and fanāʾ (Annihilation of the Self) in Sufism, as explained by Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī. The research portrays mokṣa as the ultimate realization of the individual self’s (ātman) identity with the universal absolute reality, Brahman. This state is achieved through enlightenment and the dispelling of ignorance (avidyā), representing a profound awakening to metaphysical truth. In contrast, fanāʾ is depicted as the complete dissolution of the individual ego (nafs) in the presence of the Divine. It signifies a state of “non-existence” or annihilation, attained via intense love and mystical experience, where the seeker is effaced while the Divine Essence (Dhāt) remains distinct. Both concepts aim for transcending the individual self and establishing a profound connection with the Divine. However, they define this goal differently: Mokṣa emphasizes knowledge and realization of an underlying metaphysical unity, whereas Fanāʾ stresses the experiential path of love and surrender. The study highlights the distinct yet intersecting trajectories of these two traditions – Vedānta and Sufism – in their quest for divine union. It underscores their shared objective of moving beyond the limited individual self to attain a higher spiritual consciousness. Drawing on philosophical discourse, scriptural interpretations, and the mystical poetry of figures like Rūmī, this analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of profound spiritual journeys. It thereby contributes vital insights to the fields of religious studies and comparative mysticism.