The effects of ketamine and classic hallucinogens on neurotrophic and inflammatory markers in unipolar treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of clinical trials.
Giordano Novak Rossi, Jaime E. C. Hallak, Glen B. Baker, Serdar Dursun, Rafael G. Dos Santos
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience February 1, 2023 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01460-2 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Systematic review Randomized Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 587 |
| Population | Adults with unipolar treatment-resistant depression |
| Interventions | ketamine ayahuasca |
| Dose | 1 mL/kg oral ayahuasca; mostly intravenous 0.5 mg/kg ketamine |
| Topics | Depression Ketamine Esketamine |
| Keywords | Bdnf Biomarkers Psychedelics |
| Citations | 14 |
| Key findings | Changes in peripheral inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers after ketamine and classical hallucinogen administration were contradictory and inconclusive, providing no clear evidence that these biomarkers can indicate or measure antidepressant effects. |
Abstract
Although results are still preliminary, ketamine and classical hallucinogens have shown promise in recent years as novel, fast-acting antidepressants, especially for the treatment of unipolar treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Depression also seems to be related to abnormal levels of peripheral inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers, which may one day help to diagnose of this disorder. In this context, this systematic review of clinical trials evaluated the current evidence that relates the antidepressant effects of ketamine and classical hallucinogens on TRD with changes in inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers. Twelve studies were found (n = 587), 2 with oral ayahuasca (1 mL/kg) and 10 with ketamine (mostly intravenous 0.5 mg/kg) administration. Results for all biomarkers assessed were contradictory and thus inconclusive. Randomized controlled trials with bigger samples and higher statistical power are warranted to clarify if peripheral biomarkers can confidently be used to indicate and measure ketamine's and classical hallucinogens' antidepressant effect. The PROSPERO ID for this study is CRD42021249089.
Comparable studies
Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses on ketamine for depression, most cited first.