New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) – a Challenge for the Addiction Treatment Services

Abstract

Over the last few years, hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been identified in Europe. Apart from some herbal compounds, NPS mainly include synthetic cannabinoids and a range of new synthetic stimulants (e. g., cathinones). Synthetic NPS are often developed whilst modifying the basic chemical (e. g., phenethylamine or tryptamine) structure. Although the pharmacology and toxicology of most NPS are hardly known, they are being offered, especially online, as "bath salts," as "incense mixtures," or under other misleading labels. In addition, NPS are advertised as "legal highs," suggesting that, in contrast to substances regulated by the national laws, trading with NPS is legal. Although only little is known about the prevalence of NPS use, some of these molecules may be associated with a range of severe adverse reactions. Indeed, different from cannabis, synthetic cannabinoid users may present with epileptic seizures, loss of consciousness, and a range of persisting psychopathological disorders. Future studies should inform better-tailored management strategies.

In the evidence

This study is part of the evidence base for a synthesis in the library. Here is how each one recorded it.

• State of the evidence: Cannabis for addiction ↓Opposes

  Synthetic cannabinoid users may present with epileptic seizures, loss of consciousness and persisting psychopathological disorders, unlike cannabis users.

  Synthesized October 22, 2026

Comparable studies

Other narrative reviews on cannabis for addiction, most cited first.