Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring April 1, 2002 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200204000-00009 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Topics | MDMA |
| Keywords | Toxicokinetics Methamphetamine Designer drug Pharmacology Benzphetamine Pharmacokinetics Cytochrome p450 |
| Citations | 232 |
| Key findings | Amphetamine-like designer drugs and N-alkylated derivatives are metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, with many acting as prodrugs that yield active amphetamine or methamphetamine, which has implications for forensic toxicology. |
Abstract
This paper reviews the toxicokinetics of amphetamines. The designer drugs MDA (methylenedioxy-amphetamine, R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)2-propanamine), MDMA (R,S-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and MDE (R,S-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine), as well as BDB (benzodioxolylbutanamine; R,S-1-(1;,3;-benzodioxol-5;-yl)-2-butanamine or R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine) and MBDB (R,S-N-methyl-benzodioxolylbutanamine), were taken into consideration, as were the following N-alkylated amphetamine derivatives: amphetaminil, benzphetamine, clobenzorex, dimethylamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, famprofazone, fencamine, fenethylline, fenproporex, furfenorex, mefenorex, mesocarb, methamphetamine, prenylamine, and selegiline. English-language publications from 1995 to 2000 were reviewed. Papers describing identification of metabolites or cytochrome P450 isoenzyme-dependent metabolism and papers containing pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic data were considered and summarized. The implications of toxicokinetics for toxicologic assessment or for interpretation in forensic cases are discussed.
Comparable studies
Other narrative reviews on MDMA, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Pharmacology of MDMA | 2004 | Review | |
| Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research | 2001 | Review | |
| 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans | 1994 | Review | |
| (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Studies in Animals | 2000 | Review | |
| Amphetamine toxicities | 2010 | Review |
Citations in the library
Cited by 29
- Human Pharmacology of MDMA Therapeutic Drug Monitoring March 19, 2004
- Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Hepatic Metabolism of Designer Drugs of the Amphetamine (Ecstasy), Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Types Therapeutic Drug Monitoring March 19, 2004
- Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine After Controlled Oral Administration to Young Adults Therapeutic Drug Monitoring May 21, 2008
- Metabolism of designer drugs of abuse: an updated review. Current Drug Metabolism June 1, 2010
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion Pharmacogenomics of Drugs of Abuse Pharmacogenomics February 1, 2011
and 24 more in the library
Cites 10
- Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens Journal of Psychoactive Drugs October 1, 1986
- The hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of ‘Ecstasy’ (MDMA) and 3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in the Dark Agouti (DA) rat, a model of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype British Journal of Pharmacology August 1, 1995
- Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics February 1, 1999
- Fatal multi-organ failure after suicidal overdose with MDMA, `Ecstasy': case report and review of the literature Human & Experimental Toxicology February 1, 1999
- Non‐linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) in humans British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology February 1, 2000
and 5 more in the library