From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner.
Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline Haijen, Robin Carhart-Harris
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health December 16, 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Prospective online study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 654 |
| Population | Individuals planning to use a psychedelic |
| Intervention | psychedelic use |
| Duration | 2-year follow-up |
| Topics | Ego dissolution |
| Keywords | Acute effects Mental health Nature exposure Nature relatedness Psychedelics Set and setting Well-being |
| Citations | 159 |
| Key points | Nature relatedness was significantly increased 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 years after a psychedelic experience, and this increase was positively correlated with psychological well-being and depended on ego-dissolution and the influence of natural surroundings during the acute state. |
Abstract
(1)
Background: There appears to be a growing disconnection between humans and their natural environments which has been linked to poor mental health and ecological destruction. Previous research suggests that individual levels of nature relatedness can be increased through the use of classical psychedelic compounds, although a causal link between psychedelic use and nature relatedness has not yet been established. (2)
Methods: Using correlations and generalized linear mixed regression modelling, we investigated the association between psychedelic use and nature relatedness in a prospective online study. Individuals planning to use a psychedelic received questionnaires 1 week before (N = 654), plus one day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 years after a psychedelic experience. (3)
Results: The frequency of lifetime psychedelic use was positively correlated with nature relatedness at baseline. Nature relatedness was significantly increased 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 2 years after the psychedelic experience. This increase was positively correlated with concomitant increases in psychological well-being and was dependent on the extent of ego-dissolution and the perceived influence of natural surroundings during the acute psychedelic state. (4)
Conclusions: The here presented evidence for a context- and state-dependent causal effect of psychedelic use on nature relatedness bears relevance for psychedelic treatment models in mental health and, in the face of the current ecological crisis, planetary health.
In the evidence
This study is part of the evidence base for a synthesis in the library. Here is how each one recorded it.
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Nature relatedness increased after psychedelic use and remained elevated at two years, with the increase dependent on the extent of ego dissolution and natural surroundings during the acute state.
Synthesized
Comparable studies
Other observational and cohort studies on ego dissolution, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution. Human participants | 2016 | Observational cohort | |
| Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution Non-pathological ayahuasca ceremony attendees in the Netherlands and Colombia | 2018 | Observational cohort | n = 57 |
| Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings. Healthy and experienced participants | 2021 | Observational field study | n = 35 |
| Mystical and Ego-Dissolution Experiences in Ayahuasca and Jurema Holistic Rituals: An Exploratory Study Participants in ayahuasca and jurema rituals in a natural environment | 2023 | Observational study | n = 26 |
| Dynamic medial parietal and hippocampal deactivations under DMT relate to sympathetic output and altered sense of time, space, and the self Healthy volunteers | 2025 | Observational cohort | n = 14 |
Citations in the library
Cited by 124
- Predicting Reactions to Psychedelic Drugs: A Systematic Review of States and Traits Related to Acute Drug Effects. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science March 5, 2021
- Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs. Scientific Reports November 23, 2021
- Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective Experience During Psychedelic Group Sessions Predicts Enduring Changes in Psychological Wellbeing and Social Connectedness. Frontiers in Pharmacology March 25, 2021
- Pivotal mental states Journal of Psychopharmacology April 1, 2021
- A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness: hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics Trends in Cognitive Sciences December 22, 2022
and 119 more in the library
Cites 40
- Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance Psychopharmacology July 7, 2006
- The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2014
- Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology July 1, 2008
- Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Psychopharmacology November 8, 2017
- Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology December 1, 2011
and 35 more in the library