Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcendental Meditation for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
David W. Orme-Johnson, Vernon A Barnes, Brian Rees, Jean Tobin
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) April 3, 2025 DOI: 10.3390/medicina61040659 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Systematic review and meta-analysis Longitudinal Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 1,248 |
| Population | Civilian and military personnel with PTSD, all age groups, both sexes |
| Intervention | Transcendental Meditation |
| Topics | Meditation PTSD |
| Keywords | Transcendental meditation Facilitated support groups Prolonged exposure therapy Stress reduction |
| Citations | 1 |
| Key findings | Transcendental Meditation produced clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD symptoms across diverse populations and was non-inferior to prolonged exposure therapy while working significantly faster. |
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Our recent systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies on meditation as treatment for PTSD (61 studies) found a moderate effect size of Hedges's g = -0.67 for post-minus-pre change in symptom scores. Separate tests of the four meditation categories found a large effect size of g = -1.13 for the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique that is significantly greater than for each other category. The present follow-up used a different method, calculating effects relative to internal controls, to better characterize the effects of this meditation technique. Materials and Methods. Our study followed Prisma guidelines. Major databases, research anthologies, and bibliographies were searched for studies that used TM for treating PTSD, all military and civilian populations, and all age groups. Results. The searches located 15 controlled trials on TM that met the inclusion criteria (longitudinal and reporting sufficient statistics to calculate effect sizes), 1248 subjects total, mean age 40.5 years (range 20.6 to 54.4 years), and 46.9% males (range 0% to 100%). Using the random effects model, the pooled effect across all studies of TM compared to other treatments was g = -1.01, 95% CI = -1.29 to -0.74, p < 0.000000001. One-study removed analysis found that no study reduced the pooled effect to less than -1.0. Funnel plots indicated no risk of bias. TM was non-inferior to prolonged exposure therapy, p = 0.0001, and it worked significantly faster (p = 0.04 at week six). Conclusions. TM produced clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD for civilian and military personnel, young and older adults, and for both men and women. We recommend phase-III multisite studies comparing TM with known first-line treatments for PTSD.
Comparable studies
Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses on PTSD, most cited first.
Citations in the library
Cites 25
- Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: An experimental study with the elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989
- CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PRACTICE ON INTERHEMISPHERIC FRONTAL ASYMMETRY AND FRONTAL COHERENCE International Journal of Neuroscience 2006
- Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents and Adults through the Transcendental Meditation® Program: A Research Review Update Current Hypertension Reviews October 1, 2012
- Autonomic Stability and Transcendental Meditation Psychosomatic Medicine July 1, 1973
- Clinical Nurse Well-being Improved Through Transcendental Meditation: A Multimethod Randomized Controlled Trial. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 2024
and 20 more in the library