At the end of 2003, the Chinese government finalized the "Ecological Relocation" project for the Ewenki ethnic minority in Northeast China, planning to relocate them to cities, raise reindeer in captivity, and implement new education. This move was strongly opposed by the Ewenki people, who refused to move away from their ancestral habitat. Starting from the spirit and philosophical culture of...
Although the Chinese state is officially secular, practices and beliefs often labeled as spiritual or religious have never disappeared from everyday life. In recent years, shamanism, frequently framed as distant, mysterious, and archaic, has attracted growing popular attention in China. Through an analysis of literary works, documentaries, social media discourse, and interview data, the paper...