Neurotoxicity Research
June 7, 2025
Felype Valentim Duarte Castelhano, Carolina Aparecida de Faria Almeida, Giulia de Assis Braz et al.
3 citations
Ketamine is an anesthetic drug that has been illegally used due to its hallucinogenic effects. Its use is often concomitant with drugs such as ethanol, which can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system. This study investigates the neurotoxicity of ketamine-ethanol combination in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, exploring the mechanisms preceding cell death. Cell viability,...
Neurotoxicity Research
October 1, 2022
Asieh Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad-Hossein Shetab-Boushehri, Seyed Vahid Shetab-Boushehri
3 citations
Methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are empathogen (entactogen) psychoactive designer drugs which are mainly used for recreational purposes. Both MA and MDMA are central nervous system stimulants which are classified as monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors. They have strong cytotoxic effects on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Neurotoxicities of MA...
Neurotoxicity Research
December 18, 2020
Adam Wojtas, Monika Herian, Mateusz Skawski et al.
33 citations
Abstract 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25B-NBOMe) is a hallucinogen exhibiting high binding affinity for 5-HT 2A/C serotonin receptors. In the present work, we investigated its effect on dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh), and glutamate release in the rat frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Hallucinogenic activity, impact on cognitive...
Neurotoxicity Research
May 1, 2019
Peng Xu, Qiyang Qiu, Haijie Li et al.
25C-NBOMe is a designer substituted phenethylamine and a high-potency psychedelic that acts on the 5-HT2A receptor. Although 25C-NBOMe overdoses have been related to several deaths in the USA and Europe, very limited data exists on the in vitro neurotoxicity of 25C-NBOMe. In this study, we found that 25C-NBOMe potently reduced cell viability of SH-SY5Y, PC12, and SN4741 cells, with IC50 values...
Neurotoxicity Research
April 15, 2019
Monika Herian, Adam Wojtas, Katarzyna Kamińska et al.
44 citations
NBOMes are N-benzylmethoxy derivatives of the 2C family hallucinogens. 4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is one of the commonly used illicit drugs. It exhibits high binding affinity for 5-HT 2A/C and 5-HT 1A serotonin receptors. Activation of 5-HT 2A receptor induces head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents, a behavioral marker of hallucinogen effect in humans....
Neurotoxicity Research
July 1, 2017
Jana Ruda-Kucerova, Zuzana Babinska, Tibor Stark et al.
26 citations
Ketamine may prove to be a potential candidate in treating the widespread drug addiction/substance abuse epidemic among patients with schizophrenia. Clinical studies have shown ketamine to reduce cocaine and heroin cravings. However, the use of ketamine remains controversial as it may exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize the effects of...
Neurotoxicity Research
November 1, 2016
Patrycja Kleczkowska, Irena Smaga, Malgorzata Filip et al.
Cannabinoids are still classified as illegal psychoactive drugs despite their broad and increasingly acknowledged therapeutic potential. These substances are most famous for their wide recreational use, particularly among young adults to either alter the state of consciousness, intensify pleasure induced by other psychoactive substances or as an alternative to the previously abused drugs. It is...
Neurotoxicity Research
July 26, 2016
Karolina Noworyta, Katarzyna Kamińska, Grzegorz Kreiner et al.
26 citations
5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT, 'foxy') is one of the most popular tryptamine hallucinogens in the illicit drug market. It produces serious adverse effects, but its pharmacological profile is not well recognized. In vitro data have shown that 5-MeO-DIPT acts as a potent serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor and displays high affinity at serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C...
Neurotoxicity Research
April 1, 2016
Krystyna Gołembiowska, Alexandra Jurczak, Katarzyna Kamińska et al.
New psychoactive “designer drugs” are synthetic compounds developed to provide similar effects to illicit drugs of abuse, but not subjected to legal control. The rapidly changing legal status of novel psychoactive drugs triggers the development of new compounds, analogs of well-known amphetamine or mescaline. New designer drugs used as substitutes in ecstasy pills are the least investigated and...
Neurotoxicity Research
November 13, 2014
Anna Górska, Krystyna Gołembiowska
36 citations
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") popular as a designer drug is often used with caffeine to gain a stronger stimulant effect. MDMA induces 5-HT and DA release by interaction with monoamine transporters. Co-administration of caffeine and MDMA may aggravate MDMA-induced toxic effects on DA and 5-HT terminals. In the present study, we determined whether caffeine influences DA and...