Hundreds of clinical trials worldwide are testing hallucinogenic substances—psilocybin, LSD, DMT, mescaline, MDMA, and ketamine—for their ability to restore mental health. Psilocybin is the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, LSD derives from ergot compounds, DMT is part of ayahuasca, mescaline comes from peyote, and MDMA is an amphetamine known as ecstasy.
In human consciousness, the perception of a world of separated objects is accompanied by an inner observer experiencing a unified sense of Self. A topological correlation links the Self to the world, either by merging all separated objects into one or splitting the Self into as many disconnected sub-selves as there are objects perceived. The Self is generated in a neural network through algorithmic compression of spatial and temporal information into a toponeuronal structure (TNS). A correlation of an inner observer to parts of a structure inevitably entails a correlation to the whole, serving the Self. Molecular mechanisms for generating a TNS in a neural network are discussed.