Sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis have long been considered the tetrad of symptoms of narcolepsy. However, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis are neither specific nor particularly sensitive for the diagnosis, and thus they should be considered ancillary clinical features with low diagnostic usefulness. Hypnagogic hallucinations, experienced in the...
Parasomnias are abnormal behavioral or physiological events that intrude into the sleep process, disrupting its continuity. Parasomnias are classified according to the type of sleep in which they occur, namely non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnias (1). The first includes disorders of arousals, namely confusional arousals (and their recently identified...
The association between cannabis and psychosis is not a new one. It was described as far back as 1845 that use of hashish was associated with acute psychotic reactions that sometimes could last up to days.1 Since then several other studies support an association between cannabis and psychosis (reviewed in reference 2). However, the precise nature of the association remains unclear. The existing...